Smallholder tree planting has long been practiced by rural people throughout the tropics. However, the competitiveness of Indonesian wood products has decreased in the global market. Indonesia’s wooden furniture for instance, was assessed to have declined in competitiveness during 2006 to 2015. In addition, the World Economic Forum in its latest annual Global Competitiveness Index report (2019) lowered Indonesia’s position from 45th position to 50th in the product market. Although the small- and medium-scale wood processing businesses have begun to focus on commercial forest management goals, the way in which the competitiveness of their timber products is affected by forestry regulations remains a debate with significant policy implications. New regulations have been designed and implemented to solve various problems associated with smallholder-managed forests, such as specific administration of smallholder forest products, regulation of access to forests for people living near forests, and attempts to bridge the gap in forest management expertise between forestry companies and rural communities. However, rather than producing positive results for those concerned, new regulations appear to have become an additional constraint. This study aimed to map how regulations have influenced small-scale tree planting and wood processing industries in Indonesia, both directly and indirectly. It also examines the extent to which these regulations can be reformed to become an efficient and effective legal instrument in governing small-scale tree planting and wood processing industries. In addition, this study explored two less examined issues, namely: (1) Have the regulations become too complex and constraining? and (2) How does Indonesia create an ‘enabling’ regulatory environment? The study found that excessive regulation of commercial timber production reduces the interest by smallholders in tree growing. In addition, complicated regulations tend to increase the transaction costs incurred by those involved in commercial timber production.

长期以来，整个热带地区的农村居民都在进行小农植树。然而，印尼木制品在全球市场的竞争力有所下降。例如，印度尼西亚的木制家具被评估为在 2006 年至 2015 年期间竞争力下降。此外，世界经济论坛在其最新的年度全球竞争力指数报告（2019 年）中将印度尼西亚在产品市场上的排名从第 45 位降至第 50 位。尽管中小型木材加工企业已开始关注商业森林管理目标，但其木材产品竞争力受林业法规影响的方式仍是具有重大政策意义的争论。新法规的制定和实施旨在解决与小农经营森林相关的各种问题，例如对小农林产品的具体管理、对居住在森林附近的人们的森林准入管理以及试图弥合林业之间森林管理专业知识的差距。公司和农村社区。然而，新法规并没有为相关人员带来积极的结果，反而似乎成为了一个额外的限制因素。本研究旨在绘制法规如何直接和间接影响印度尼西亚的小规模植树和木材加工业。它还研究了这些法规可以在多大程度上进行改革，以成为管理小规模植树和木材加工行业的有效和有效的法律工具。此外，本研究探讨了两个研究较少的问题，即：（1）法规是否变得过于复杂和约束？(2) 印度尼西亚如何创造“有利的”监管环境？研究发现，对商业木材生产的过度监管会降低小农对树木种植的兴趣。此外，复杂的法规往往会增加商业木材生产相关人员的交易成本。