Gorgonian corals of Karimunjawa are impacted by anthropogenic activities, such as increasingly high mariculture intensity with consequent eutrophication, overfishing, tourism, sewage, and other pollutant discharges, which result in changes in the microbial community structure. In this study, bacterial communities associated with six species of Gorgonian, Viminella sp., Ellisella sp., Antipathes sp., Melithaea sp., Astrogorgia sp., and Junceella sp. from both the Marine Protected Area (MPA) and non-Marine Protected Area (non-MPA) zones were screened for their antipathogenic potential against Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) pathogens. The selected bacterial isolates were identified and compared for their abundance and diversity between the two zones. A total of 156 bacterial strains were assayed for their prospective antipathogenic compounds against seven UTI pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus saptophyticus, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Candida albicans. The results showed that 17 of 92 (18.48%) and 6 of 64 (9.37%) bacterial isolates from MPA and non-MPA, respectively, exhibited antimicrobial activity in at least one of the UTI pathogens. By analyzing the gene of 16S rRNA, it was discovered that the 17 isolates of MPA were associated with phyla Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, including Streptomyces zhaozhoue, Nocardiopsis salina, Micrococcus endophyticus, Brevibacterium casei, Micrococcus yunnanensis, Saccharopolyspora coralli, Bacillus paramycoides, Virgibacillus salarius, Oceanobacillus iheyensis, and Vibrio alginolyticus. In contrast, only six selected isolates of non-MPA were associated with the phyla Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria, including Nocardiopsis salina, Micrococcus yunnanensis, and Acinetobacter soli. The Diversity Index (H’), Species Richness (S), and Relative Abundance of the MPA zone were higher than those of non-MPA. These results demonstrated that Gorgonian octocoral species in the MPA region harbour varied bacteria and we propose that many Gorgonian-associated bacteria have the prospective for advancing broad-spectrum antibiotics.

中文翻译：

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印度尼西亚爪哇海卡里蒙贾瓦海洋国家公园的柳珊瑚相关细菌与抗病原体尿路感染 (UTI) 的生物地理学评估

 卡里蒙贾瓦的柳珊瑚受到人为活动的影响，例如海水养殖强度越来越高，导致富营养化、过度捕捞、旅游、污水和其他污染物排放，导致微生物群落结构发生变化。在这项研究中，与六种柳珊瑚、Viminella sp.、Ellisella sp.、Antipathes sp.、Melithaea sp.、Astrogorgia sp.和 Junceella sp.相关的细菌群落。对来自海洋保护区 (MPA) 和非海洋保护区 (non-MPA) 的区域进行了筛选，以了解它们对尿路感染 (UTI) 病原体的抗病原体潜力。对选定的细菌分离物进行鉴定并比较它们在两个区域之间的丰度和多样性。共检测了 156 种细菌菌株对 7 种 UTI 病原体的预期抗病原体化合物，包括金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、腐生链球菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和白色念珠菌。结果表明，分别从 MPA 和非 MPA 分离出的 92 种细菌中的 17 种 (18.48%) 和 64 种 (9.37%) 的细菌分离物在至少一种 UTI 病原体中表现出抗菌活性。通过对16S rRNA基因的分析，发现17株MPA与放线菌门、厚壁菌门和变形菌门相关，包括赵州链霉菌、盐生诺卡氏菌、内生微球菌、干酪短杆菌、云南微球菌、珊瑚糖多孢菌、副蕈状芽孢杆菌、Virgibacillus。萨拉里乌斯，海洋杆菌 iheyensis 和溶藻弧菌。相比之下，只有六种选定的非 MPA 分离株与放线菌门和变形菌门相关，包括盐生诺卡氏菌、云南微球菌和不动杆菌。MPA区的多样性指数（H'）、物种丰富度（S）和相对丰度均高于非MPA区。这些结果表明 MPA 地区的柳珊瑚八珊瑚物种含有多种细菌，我们认为许多柳珊瑚相关细菌具有发展广谱抗生素的前景。MPA区的物种丰富度(S)和相对丰度均高于非MPA区。这些结果表明 MPA 地区的柳珊瑚八珊瑚物种含有多种细菌，我们认为许多柳珊瑚相关细菌具有发展广谱抗生素的前景。MPA区的物种丰富度(S)和相对丰度均高于非MPA区。这些结果表明 MPA 地区的柳珊瑚八珊瑚物种含有多种细菌，我们认为许多柳珊瑚相关细菌具有发展广谱抗生素的前景。