In North America, the introduction of livestock as part of the Columbian Exchange had profound social and ecological consequences for cultural environments, yet the landscape impacts of these animals have been difficult to identify, particularly in the first decades of sustained contact. Between 1701 and 1775, at a Spanish colonial mission near what is today Nogales, Arizona, O'odham groups and Spanish missionaries generated land management practices that wove together the needs of domesticated animals and existing Indigenous farming practices. This study proposes a set of indicators to identify animal husbandry practices in both the archaeological and historical record. Faunal, isotopic, and historical analyses from Mission Los Santos Ángeles de Guevavi provide evidence that cattle ages were loosely monitored and that cattle were culled at an older age than optimal for meat and grease extractive strategies compared to other domesticated species at the site. These findings suggest a low investment strategy in cattle, which may have helped Indigenous groups continue aspects of precontact agricultural and gathering practices and preserve their communities in the colonial period. These findings provide further evidence of the depth of animal husbandry practices among Indigenous groups in the Southwest.

在北美，作为哥伦比亚交流的一部分引入牲畜对文化环境产生了深远的社会和生态影响，但这些动物的景观影响很难确定，特别是在最初几十年的持续接触中。1701 年至 1775 年间，在今天的亚利桑那州诺加莱斯附近的一个西班牙殖民传教团中，奥德姆团体和西班牙传教士提出了将驯养动物的需求和现有的土著农业实践结合在一起的土地管理实践。本研究提出了一套指标来识别考古和历史记录中的畜牧业实践。动物区系，同位素，Mission Los Santos Ángeles de Guevavi 的历史分析和历史分析提供的证据表明，牛的年龄受到松散的监测，并且与该地点的其他驯化物种相比，牛被淘汰的年龄比肉类和油脂提取策略的最佳年龄要大。这些研究结果表明对牛的低投资策略，这可能有助于土著群体继续接触前农业和采集实践的各个方面，并在殖民时期保护他们的社区。这些发现为西南地区土著群体畜牧业的深度提供了进一步的证据。这可能有助于土著群体继续接触前农业和采集实践的各个方面，并在殖民时期保护他们的社区。这些发现为西南地区土著群体畜牧业的深度提供了进一步的证据。这可能有助于土著群体继续接触前农业和采集实践的各个方面，并在殖民时期保护他们的社区。这些发现为西南地区土著群体畜牧业的深度提供了进一步的证据。