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Social Stratification and Career Choice Anxieties in Nineteenth-Century Central Europe
Journal of Social History ( IF 0.802 ) Pub Date : 2022-08-03 , DOI: 10.1093/jsh/shac042
Orel Beilinson 1
Affiliation  

Central Europe around 1900 was marred with anxiety around the choice of career. This article weaves histories of education, labor, bureaucracy, and the social sciences to show how families reacted to changes in the labor market, including the opening of careers to talent and the mechanization of handicrafts. Parents found themselves unable to guide their children to a safe profession. Whereas previously, career choices were limited, changes in education and the labor market offered adolescents more options. Simultaneously, however, some occupations became endangered and others overcrowded. The erosion of labor stratification gave families the hope of social mobility but also upended their ontological security, as traditional roads to adulthood became impossible to follow. This article uses the discourse on career choice to write a history of this crisis. The discourse was born in early modern Europe to stop parents from forcing their children into a profession against the children’s wishes. In nineteenth-century Europe, however, parents and schools weaponized this discourse against each other to widen or narrow access to advanced education. Social scientists concerned with the industrial labor force joined the conversation by turning career choice into a matter of scientific expertise. Finally, the article shows how voluntary associations pioneered the provision of vocational guidance before state intervention after World War I. Thus, the article traces a significant transformation in the transition to adulthood and offers a prehistory of vocational guidance.

中文翻译:

十九世纪中欧的社会分层和职业选择焦虑

1900 年左右的中欧充满了对职业选择的焦虑。本文编织了教育、劳工、官僚机构和社会科学的历史,以展示家庭如何应对劳动力市场的变化,包括向人才开放职业和手工业机械化。父母发现自己无法引导孩子从事安全的职业。以前,职业选择有限,教育和劳动力市场的变化为青少年提供了更多选择。然而,与此同时,一些职业变得濒临灭绝,而另一些则人满为患。劳动力分层的侵蚀给家庭带来了社会流动的希望,但也颠覆了他们的本体安全,因为通往成年的传统道路变得无法遵循。本文用职业选择的话语来书写这场危机的历史。该话语诞生于近代早期的欧洲,旨在阻止父母强迫孩子从事违背孩子意愿的职业。然而,在 19 世纪的欧洲,家长和学校将这种言论武器化,以扩大或缩小接受高等教育的机会。关注工业劳动力的社会科学家通过将职业选择转变为科学专业知识的方式加入了对话。最后,本文展示了志愿协会如何在第一次世界大战后国家干预之前率先提供职业指导。因此,本文追溯了向成年过渡的重大转变,并提供了职业指导的史前史。该话语诞生于近代早期的欧洲,旨在阻止父母强迫孩子从事违背孩子意愿的职业。然而,在 19 世纪的欧洲,家长和学校将这种言论武器化,以扩大或缩小接受高等教育的机会。关注工业劳动力的社会科学家通过将职业选择转变为科学专业知识的方式加入了对话。最后,本文展示了志愿协会如何在第一次世界大战后国家干预之前率先提供职业指导。因此,本文追溯了向成年过渡的重大转变,并提供了职业指导的史前史。该话语诞生于近代早期的欧洲,旨在阻止父母强迫孩子从事违背孩子意愿的职业。然而,在 19 世纪的欧洲,家长和学校将这种言论武器化,以扩大或缩小接受高等教育的机会。关注工业劳动力的社会科学家通过将职业选择转变为科学专业知识的方式加入了对话。最后,本文展示了志愿协会如何在第一次世界大战后国家干预之前率先提供职业指导。因此,本文追溯了向成年过渡的重大转变,并提供了职业指导的史前史。家长和学校将这种言论武器化,以扩大或缩小接受高等教育的机会。关注工业劳动力的社会科学家通过将职业选择转变为科学专业知识的方式加入了对话。最后,本文展示了志愿协会如何在第一次世界大战后国家干预之前率先提供职业指导。因此,本文追溯了向成年过渡的重大转变,并提供了职业指导的史前史。家长和学校将这种言论武器化,以扩大或缩小接受高等教育的机会。关注工业劳动力的社会科学家通过将职业选择转变为科学专业知识的方式加入了对话。最后,本文展示了志愿协会如何在第一次世界大战后国家干预之前率先提供职业指导。因此,本文追溯了向成年过渡的重大转变,并提供了职业指导的史前史。
更新日期:2022-08-03
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