There is disagreement among researchers regarding the conceptualization of resilience as a dynamic state or stable trait. Aiming to shed light on the state-versus-trait debate, we explored the stability and construct validity of four of the most frequently utilized state or trait resilience scales in a longitudinal assessment. Additionally, we examined the predictive validity of these scales. Our study was conducted before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, which served as collectively experienced adversity. Correlations among the resilience scales and among resilience scales and Big Five personality traits were strong. All except one scale showed high test–retest correlations. Experience of an additional critical life event during the pandemic led to an increase in resilience. Other than in cross-sectional studies, associations between resilience and psychological distress were weak, because personality and baseline psychological distress were controlled for. Nevertheless, next to personality, resilience explained additional variance in distress change. Our results show relatively high stability of resilience overall. Yet, they also confirm dynamic resilience features, suggesting that resilience change occurs with significant adversity, leading to improved adaptation. To gauge the true association between resilience and mental health, baseline levels of these variables as well as personality traits should be considered.

中文翻译：

---

COVID-19 大流行期间弹性的稳定性

对于将弹性概念化为动态状态或稳定特征，研究人员之间存在分歧。为了阐明状态与特质的争论，我们在纵向评估中探讨了四种最常用的状态或特质弹性量表的稳定性和结构有效性。此外，我们检查了这些量表的预测有效性。我们的研究是在 COVID-19 大流行之前和期间进行的，这是集体经历的逆境。弹性量表之间以及弹性量表与大五人格特质之间的相关性很强。除一个量表外，所有量表均显示出较高的重测相关性。在大流行期间经历了一次额外的重大生活事件，导致恢复力增强。除了横断面研究，复原力和心理困扰之间的关联很弱，因为控制了人格和基线心理困扰。然而，除了性格之外，复原力还解释了痛苦变化的其他差异。我们的结果显示整体弹性相对较高的稳定性。然而，他们还证实了动态弹性特征，表明弹性变化会随着重大逆境而发生，从而提高适应能力。为了衡量复原力与心理健康之间的真实关联，应考虑这些变量的基线水平以及人格特质。我们的结果显示整体弹性相对较高的稳定性。然而，他们还证实了动态弹性特征，表明弹性变化会随着重大逆境而发生，从而提高适应能力。为了衡量复原力与心理健康之间的真实关联，应考虑这些变量的基线水平以及人格特质。我们的结果显示整体弹性相对较高的稳定性。然而，他们还证实了动态弹性特征，表明弹性变化会随着重大逆境而发生，从而提高适应能力。为了衡量复原力与心理健康之间的真实关联，应考虑这些变量的基线水平以及人格特质。