Sesiids are a diverse group of predominantly diurnal moths, many of which are Batesian mimics of Hymenoptera. However, their diversity and relationships are poorly understood. A multi-gene phylogenetic analysis of 48 North American sesiid species confirmed the traditional taxonomic tribal ranks, demonstrated the paraphyly of Carmenta and Synanthedon with respect to several other genera and ultimately provided minimal phylogenetic resolution within and between North American and European groups. Character support from each gene suggested inconsistency between the phylogenetic signal of the CAD gene and that of the other four genes. However, removal of CAD from subsequent phylogenetic analyses did not substantially change the initial phylogenetic results or return Carmenta and Synanthedon as reciprocally monophyletic, suggesting that it was not impacting the overall phylogenetic signal. The lack of resolution using genes that are typically informative at the species level for other lepidopterans suggests a surprisingly rapid radiation of species in Carmenta/Synanthedon. This group also exhibits a wide range of mimicry strategies and hostplant usage, which could be fertile ground for future study.

中文翻译：

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北美明翅蛾（鳞翅目：蛾科）的多基因系统发育：未来物种拟态复合体进化研究的基础

Sesiids 是一个多样化的群体，主要是昼夜飞蛾，其中许多是膜翅目 Batesian 模仿物。然而，人们对它们的多样性和关系知之甚少。对 48 个北美 sesiid 物种的多基因系统发育分析证实了传统的分类部落等级，证明了Carmenta和Synanthedon与其他几个属的并系关系，并最终在北美和欧洲群体内部和之间提供了最小的系统发育分辨率。每个基因的特征支持表明CAD基因的系统发育信号与其他四个基因的系统发育信号不一致。但是，删除CAD从随后的系统发育分析中得出的结果并没有实质性地改变最初的系统发育结果，也没有将Carmenta和Synanthedon返回为相互单系的，这表明它没有影响整体系统发育信号。使用通常在物种水平上为其他鳞翅目昆虫提供信息的基因缺乏分辨率表明Carmenta / Synanthedon物种的辐射速度惊人地快。该小组还展示了广泛的模仿策略和寄主植物的使用，这可能是未来研究的沃土。