How did the 1918 influenza pandemic affect female labor force participation in India over the short run and the medium run? We use an event-study approach at the district level and four waves of decadal census data in order to answer this question. We find that districts most adversely affected by influenza mortality saw a temporary increase in female labor force participation in 1921, an increase that was concentrated in the service sector. We find suggestive evidence that distress labor supply by widows and rising wages help account for this result.

中文翻译：

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人口冲击和女性劳动力市场参与：来自 1918 年印度流感大流行的证据

1918 年流感大流行在短期和中期如何影响印度女性劳动力参与？我们使用地区层面的事件研究方法和四波十年人口普查数据来回答这个问题。我们发现，受流感死亡率影响最严重的地区在 1921 年女性劳动力参与率暂时增加，这一增加主要集中在服务业。我们发现，寡妇造成的劳动力供应紧张和工资上涨有助于解释这一结果。