Scholars of criminal justice have long described contact with the penal system as involving different forms of ‘pain’. Paradigmatically, Sykes (1958) outlined the ‘pains of imprisonment’ whereby the incarcerated experience deprivations of liberty, autonomy, security, goods and services, and heterosexual relationships. Subsequently, Crewe (2011) described 21st century imprisonment as involving pains associated with indeterminacy, psychological assessment and self-government in his analysis of the ‘depth’, ‘weight’ and ‘tightness’ of the contemporary prison experience. However, the notion of a ‘painful’ criminal justice experience has not been limited to studies of incarceration. Durnescu (2011, 2019) applied Sykes’ approach to non-custodial supervision, suggesting that amongst other ‘pains of probation’ or ‘re-entry’ were the sense of instability or ‘walking on thin ice’, the uncomfortable aspects of being forced to return to and confront one's offending, and the stigmatisation effects of the juridical status of the probationer. Hayes (2015) has also considered the various ‘pains of community penalties’, noting how supervision may involve an intrusive and, in some cases, hostile degree of intervention by various agencies in the lives of lawbreakers.

中文翻译：

---

刑事定罪、犯罪记录和康复：从监督到公民身份？

长期以来，刑事司法学者一直将与刑事系统的接触描述为涉及不同形式的“痛苦”。Sykes (1958) 范式地概述了“监禁的痛苦”，即被监禁的人被剥夺了自由、自主权、安全、商品和服务以及异性恋关系。随后，克鲁 (2011) 在他对当代监狱体验的“深度”、“重量”和“严密性”的分析中，将 21 世纪的监禁描述为涉及与不确定性、心理评估和自治相关的痛苦。然而，“痛苦的”刑事司法经历的概念并不仅限于对监禁的研究。Durnescu (2011, 2019) 将 Sykes 的方法应用于非监管监督，暗示其他“缓刑之痛”或“重新进入”包括不稳定感或“如履薄冰”、被迫返回并面对自己的罪行的不舒服方面，以及司法地位的污名化效应的缓刑者。Hayes (2015) 还考虑了各种“社区处罚的痛苦”，并指出监管可能涉及各种机构对违法者生活的干预具有侵入性，在某些情况下甚至是敌对程度。