This article examines the accuracy of Russian foreign trade statistics between 1880 and 1913 and provides empirical evidence that prior to the introduction of the gold standard in 1897, Russia’s trade surplus was systematically understated. My novel trade data suggest a higher degree of protectionism with an increase of an ad valorem equivalent tariff up to 4 percentage points. Moreover, my corrections of the current account balance reduce the annual average deficit of the balance for 1885–1897 by 67 percent, supporting the idea that there was a substantial increase of foreign investments in the post-gold standard period in Russia.

中文翻译：

---

重新审视外国投资和关税保护：纠正俄罗斯帝国的贸易平衡，1880-1913

本文检验了 1880 年至 1913 年间俄罗斯对外贸易统计数据的准确性，并提供经验证据表明，在 1897 年引入金本位制之前，俄罗斯的贸易顺差被系统地低估了。我的新贸易数据表明保护主义程度更高，从价等值关税提高了 4 个百分点。此外，我对经常账户余额的修正使 1885-1897 年的年平均逆差减少了 67%，这支持了俄罗斯在后金本位时期外国投资大幅增加的观点。