The alteration of the timing of biological events is one of the best documented effects of climate change, with overwhelming evidence across taxa. Many studies have investigated the phenology of consumers, especially birds. However, most of these studies have focused on specific phenophases, whereas a global analysis of avian phenological trends during recent climate change across different phases of the circannual cycle is still lacking. Here, we performed a comprehensive meta-analytic synthesis of the phenological responses (temporal shifts in days year⁻¹) of birds across different phenophases (prebreeding migration, breeding, and postbreeding migration) by summarizing more than 5500 time series from 684 species from five continents during 1811–2018. Our results confirm that avian taxa have advanced prebreeding migration and breeding by ~2–3 days per decade, whereas no significant temporal changes in the timing of postbreeding migration were documented. Advancement in the timing of prebreeding migration and breeding strongly depended on migratory behavior, with the advance being the weakest for long-distance migrants and the strongest for resident species. Diet generalists and primary consumers tended to advance prebreeding migration timing more than species with different dietary specializations. Increasing body size resulted in a larger advancement in the onset (but not in the mean date) of prebreeding migration and breeding, whereas phenological advances were larger in the northern than in the southern hemisphere. Our synthesis, covering most of the world, highlighted previously unappreciated patterns in avian phenological shifts over time, suggesting that specific life-history or ecological traits may drive different responses to climate change.

中文翻译：

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在快速变化的气候中，鸟类物候在整个昼夜循环中的时间变化：一项全球荟萃分析

生物事件发生时间的改变是气候变化的最佳记录影响之一，在整个分类群中都有压倒性的证据。许多研究调查了消费者的物候，尤其是鸟类。然而，大多数这些研究都集中在特定的物候阶段，而对近期气候变化期间跨年循环不同阶段的鸟类物候趋势的全球分析仍然缺乏。^{在这里，我们对物候反应进行了全面的元分析综合（年-1}天的时间变化) 通过总结 1811-2018 年间来自五大洲的 684 个物种的 5500 多个时间序列，了解不同物候期（繁殖前迁徙、繁殖和繁殖后迁徙）的鸟类。我们的结果证实，鸟类类群每十年提前 2-3 天进行繁殖前迁移和繁殖，而没有记录繁殖后迁移时间的显着时间变化。预繁殖迁移和繁殖时间的推进在很大程度上取决于迁移行为，长距离迁移的推进最弱，而常驻物种的推进最强。饮食通才和初级消费者比具有不同饮食专长的物种更倾向于提前繁殖前的迁徙时间。增加体型导致预繁殖迁移和繁殖的开始（但不是平均日期）有更大的进步，而北半球的物候学进步比南半球大。我们的综合涵盖了世界大部分地区，突出了以前未被重视的鸟类物候随时间变化的模式，表明特定的生活史或生态特征可能会推动对气候变化的不同反应。