This article explores a phenomenon of English in which out- combines with a predicate to form a complex predicate (e.g., outsing, outdo, outrun, outsmart, …), here called “out-pred.” A thorough investigation uncovers several new generalizations, which can be summarized as follows. (i) Out-pred formation is productive and syntactic, building upon the structure for the pred. (ii) Out- is the core of the out-pred clause's extended verbal projection. These findings are derived via an analysis in which out- merges with the pred before any argument(s) can merge. This analysis is then further supported by exploring domains in which out-pred is unavailable; though these are seemingly unrelated, they share deep derivational properties that are incompatible with the derivation of out-pred. The findings of this article have implications for the syntactic representation of argument structure more generally, supporting analyses where all arguments of a verb are syntactically severed from it.

中文翻译：

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映射输出参数结构

本文探讨了一种英语现象，其中out-与谓词结合形成一个复杂的谓词（例如outsing、outdo、outrun、outsmart ……），这里称为“ out - pred ”。彻底的调查揭示了几个新的概括，可以总结如下。(i) Out - pred形成是富有成效的和句法的，建立在pred的结构之上。(ii) Out-是out - pred从句扩展语词投射的核心。这些发现是通过分析得出的，其中在任何参数可以合并之前与 pred合并。然后通过探索无法预测的领域进一步支持该分析；尽管这些看似无关，但它们共享与out - pred的推导不相容的深层推导属性。这篇文章的发现对论元结构的句法表示有更广泛的意义，支持动词的所有论元在句法上与它分离的分析。