ABSTRACT

While dockless bike sharing is gaining popularity, oversupplied and poorly maintained bikes introduce chaos and waste (e.g., so-called zombie bikes that unused). Spatiotemporal pattern visualizations can help policy-making and infrastructure improvement (e.g., allocating parking areas). However, multivariate symbolizing (e.g., supply, flow, usage) to optimize dockless bike sharing is challenging. In this paper, we introduce metaphor theory to design multivariate symbols. First, we systemically explore the coupling of three metaphor types (orientational, ontological and structural) with symbols at three levels of iconicity. Then, we construct metaphorical symbols for optimizing dockless bike sharing following a user-centred design process. We also offer an evaluation using eye-tracking and questionnaire techniques. The results indicate that, compared with bin-packing and multiview symbols, metaphorical symbols significantly improved effectiveness and efficiency, and reduced participants' cognitive load. Our evaluation presents preliminary evidence that metaphors can offer new organizational mechanisms for map symbols to represent multivariate naturally and effectively.

摘要

虽然无桩共享单车越来越受欢迎，但供过于求和维护不善的自行车会带来混乱和浪费（例如，所谓的未使用的僵尸自行车）。时空模式可视化可以帮助制定政策和改善基础设施（例如，分配停车区）。然而，多变量符号化（例如，供应、流量、使用）以优化共享单车具有挑战性。在本文中，我们引入隐喻理论来设计多元符号。首先，我们系统地探讨了三种隐喻类型（方向性、本体论和结构性）与三个象似性水平的符号的耦合。然后，我们按照以用户为中心的设计过程构建用于优化无桩共享单车的隐喻符号。我们还使用眼动追踪和问卷调查技术提供评估。结果表明，与装箱和多视图符号相比，隐喻符号显着提高了有效性和效率，并减轻了参与者的认知负荷。我们的评估提供了初步证据，表明隐喻可以为地图符号提供新的组织机制，以自然有效地表示多元变量。