Retraction is a mechanism for alerting readers to unreliable material and other problems in the published scientific and scholarly record. Retracted publications generally remain visible and searchable, but the intention of retraction is to mark them as “removed” from the citable record of scholarship. However, in practice, some retracted articles continue to be treated by researchers and the public as valid content as they are often unaware of the retraction. Research over the past decade has identified a number of factors contributing to the unintentional spread of retracted research. The goal of the Reducing the Inadvertent Spread of Retracted Science: Shaping a Research and Implementation Agenda (RISRS) project was to develop an actionable agenda for reducing the inadvertent spread of retracted science. This included identifying how retraction status could be more thoroughly disseminated, and determining what actions are feasible and relevant for particular stakeholders who play a role in the distribution of knowledge. These recommendations were developed as part of a year-long process that included a scoping review of empirical literature and successive rounds of stakeholder consultation, culminating in a three-part online workshop that brought together a diverse body of 65 stakeholders in October–November 2020 to engage in collaborative problem solving and dialogue. Stakeholders held roles such as publishers, editors, researchers, librarians, standards developers, funding program officers, and technologists and worked for institutions such as universities, governmental agencies, funding organizations, publishing houses, libraries, standards organizations, and technology providers. Workshop discussions were seeded by materials derived from stakeholder interviews (N = 47) and short original discussion pieces contributed by stakeholders. The online workshop resulted in a set of recommendations to address the complexities of retracted research throughout the scholarly communications ecosystem. The RISRS recommendations are: (1) Develop a systematic cross-industry approach to ensure the public availability of consistent, standardized, interoperable, and timely information about retractions; (2) Recommend a taxonomy of retraction categories/classifications and corresponding retraction metadata that can be adopted by all stakeholders; (3) Develop best practices for coordinating the retraction process to enable timely, fair, unbiased outcomes; and (4) Educate stakeholders about pre- and post-publication stewardship, including retraction and correction of the scholarly record. Our stakeholder engagement study led to 4 recommendations to address inadvertent citation of retracted research, and formation of a working group to develop the Communication of Retractions, Removals, and Expressions of Concern (CORREC) Recommended Practice. Further work will be needed to determine how well retractions are currently documented, how retraction of code and datasets impacts related publications, and to identify if retraction metadata (fails to) propagate. Outcomes of all this work should lead to ensuring retracted papers are never cited without awareness of the retraction, and that, in public fora outside of science, retracted papers are not treated as valid scientific outputs.

中文翻译：

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减少撤回科学的无意传播：来自 RISRS 报告的建议

撤稿是一种提醒读者注意已发表的科学和学术记录中不可靠的材料和其他问题的机制。撤回的出版物通常仍然可见和可搜索，但撤回的目的是将它们标记为从可引用的学术记录中“删除”。然而，在实践中，一些被撤稿的文章继续被研究人员和公众视为有效内容，因为他们通常不知道撤稿。过去十年的研究已经确定了一些导致撤回研究无意传播的因素。减少撤回科学的无意传播：制定研究和实施议程 (RISRS) 项目的目标是制定一个可操作的议程，以减少撤回科学的无意传播。这包括确定如何更彻底地传播撤回状态，并确定哪些行动对在知识传播中发挥作用的特定利益相关者是可行的和相关的。这些建议是作为为期一年的过程的一部分制定的，其中包括对实证文献的范围审查和连续几轮利益相关者咨询，最终形成了一个由三部分组成的在线研讨会，该研讨会在 2020 年 10 月至 2020 年 11 月期间汇集了 65 个不同的利益相关者，以参与协作解决问题和对话。利益相关者担任出版商、编辑、研究人员、图书馆员、标准开发人员、资助项目官员和技术人员等角色，并为大学、政府机构、资助组织、出版社、图书馆、标准组织和技术提供商。研讨会讨论的种子来自利益相关者访谈（N = 47）的材料和利益相关者提供的简短原始讨论文章。在线研讨会提出了一系列建议，以解决整个学术交流生态系统中撤回研究的复杂性。RISRS 的建议是： (1) 制定系统的跨行业方法，以确保公开获得一致、标准化、可互操作和及时的撤稿信息；(2) 推荐所有利益相关者可以采用的撤稿类别/分类和相应的撤稿元数据的分类；(3) 制定协调撤回过程的最佳实践，以实现及时、公平、公正的结果；(4) 对利益相关者进行有关出版前和出版后管理的教育，包括撤回和更正学术记录。我们的利益相关者参与研究提出了 4 项建议，以解决对撤回研究的无意引用，并成立了一个工作组来制定撤回、删除和关注表达 (CORREC) 推荐实践的沟通。需要进一步的工作来确定当前记录撤回的情况，代码和数据集的撤回如何影响相关出版物，并确定撤回元数据（未能）传播。所有这些工作的结果应确保在没有意识到撤回的情况下永远不会引用撤回的论文，并且在科学以外的公共论坛上，撤回的论文不被视为有效的科学成果。