By being exposed to air or moisture or by a chemical reaction, titanium (Ti) forms an oxide layer on its surface, which is stable and tightly adherent and provides it with protection from the environment, since titanium is a reactive material. Due to its extremely low thickness (∼10 nm), this oxide layer is easily destroyed under corrosion conditions. Through plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO), titanium and titanium alloys can be equipped with thick and adhesive titanium dioxide (TiO₂) coatings to enhance their surface characteristics. In the PEO process, titanium dioxide composite coatings can be formed by mixing proper additives with electrolytes, such as powders, particles, sheets or compounds. Graphene and its family derivatives (i.e. graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide) are among the most popular additives used in PEO composite coatings due to their high stability in corrosive media. Graphene-family nanosheets can accumulate in PEO coatings because of their porous nature, changing the surface characteristics dramatically. The use of graphene-family nanosheets in electrolytes can be useful in reducing coating porosity and improving final corrosion properties by adjusting electrolyte conditions. Therefore, the diffusion pathways for corrosive ions in composite titanium dioxide coatings become considerably more tortuous than those for pure titanium dioxide.

中文翻译：

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g 族掺入对 PEO 处理钛合金腐蚀行为的影响：综述

通过暴露在空气或湿气中或通过化学反应，钛 (Ti) 在其表面形成氧化层，该氧化层稳定且紧密粘附，并为其提供保护免受环境影响，因为钛是一种反应性材料。由于其极薄的厚度（~10 nm），该氧化层在腐蚀条件下很容易被破坏。通过等离子电解氧化（PEO），钛及钛合金可以配上粘稠的二氧化钛（TiO ₂) 涂层以增强其表面特性。在PEO工艺中，通过将适当的添加剂与电解质混合，可以形成二氧化钛复合涂层，例如粉末、颗粒、片状或化合物。石墨烯及其家族衍生物（即氧化石墨烯和还原氧化石墨烯）是 PEO 复合涂层中最常用的添加剂之一，因为它们在腐蚀性介质中具有高稳定性。石墨烯族纳米片由于其多孔性可以在 PEO 涂层中积累，从而显着改变表面特性。在电解质中使用石墨烯族纳米片可以通过调整电解质条件来降低涂层孔隙率和改善最终腐蚀性能。所以，