In Leviticus 16, Aaron is commanded to bring a bull to atone for himself and his household (v. 3) along with two goats to atone for the children of Israel (v. 5). He sprinkles the blood of the bull and one of the goats in different places in the Temple and sends the second goat, the scapegoat, to “ʾAzazel to the desert.” The biblical scapegoat ritual is discussed extensively in the research community, mainly due to its similarity to ancient pagan rituals. Here, I present the interpretation of the early rabbis, which states that atonement is attained not by sending the goat away but through the confession performed on it. I also discuss the novelty introduced in the early rabbinic literature, concerning the disposition of the goat: thrown off the cliff and not just sent to the desert.

中文翻译：

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替罪羊仪式：介于圣经和坦奈律法之间

在利未记 16 章，亚伦奉命带上公牛为自己和家人赎罪（第 3 节），并带两只山羊为以色列人赎罪（第 5 节）。他将公牛和一只山羊的血洒在圣殿的不同地方，并将第二只山羊（替罪羊）送到“阿撒泻勒去沙漠”。圣经中的替罪羊仪式在研究界被广泛讨论，主要是因为它与古代异教徒的仪式相似。在这里，我提出早期拉比的解释，其中指出赎罪不是通过将山羊送走而是通过对它进行的忏悔来实现的。我还讨论了早期拉比文学中引入的新奇之处，涉及山羊的性格：被扔下悬崖，而不仅仅是被送往沙漠。