This study presents the halakhic rulings that preceded the riots of 1391 in Spain and provided the moral infrastructure that allowed the conversion to Catholicism of Rabbi Isaac ben Sheshet Perfet (known by the acronym Rivash) and many other Jews. Rivash was willing broadly to define duress, which exempts one from halakhic obligations. The rulings Rivash attributed to Rabbi Shlomo ben Avraham ibn Aderet (known by the acronym Rashba) – that the commandment “He shall live by them” applies even when a Jew is forced under the threat of death to abandon his faith and that the choice of martyrdom is a secondary religious commandment – were both revolutionary statements. They provided legitimacy to the religious elite – and, as a matter of course, to the simple folk – to choose life, even if it required converting to Christianity.

中文翻译：

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1391 年骚乱中的犹太人皈依：法律依据

本研究介绍了 1391 年西班牙暴乱之前的伊斯兰教裁决，并提供了道德基础，使拉比 Isaac ben Sheshet Perfet（以首字母缩写词 Rivash 为人所知）和许多其他犹太人皈依天主教。Rivash 愿意广泛地定义胁迫，从而免除一个人的 halakhic 义务。Rivash 归因于 Rabbi Shlomo ben Avraham ibn Aderet（以首字母缩略词 Rashba 为人所知）的裁决——即使犹太人在死亡威胁下被迫放弃信仰，“他将以他们为生”的诫命也适用，并且选择殉道是次要的宗教戒律——都是革命性的声明。他们为宗教精英——当然还有普通民众——提供了选择生活的合法性，即使这需要皈依基督教。