Concerns about zoonotic diseases and efforts to differentiate between groups intertwine at the intersection of critical animal studies, biomobility and epidemic discourses, and religious studies. Using the case in rabbinic literature of pandemics moving from pigs to humans, this study unfolds in historical stages. Period I, “Flesh” (3rd C to 12th C), considers the issues at hand: a pandemic, pigs, the question of what to do and why. Period II, “Metaphor” (12th C to 16th C), turns pigs into metaphors for sociopolitical concerns, to make strong distinctions between sets of humans. Period III, “Science” (16th C to 20th C), argues that evidence should help inform decisions of what to do in the face of a zoonotic pandemic. The conclusion, “Directions,” considers first the possibility of reverse-zoonosis, of human infecting animals, before offering reflections for several fields of study.

中文翻译：

---

交叉疾病和差异结构：犹太来源的猪和大流行病

对人畜共患疾病的担忧和区分群体的努力在批判性动物研究、生物流动性和流行病话语以及宗教研究的交叉点交织在一起。利用拉比文献中流行病从猪传染给人类的案例，这项研究在历史阶段展开。时期我, “Flesh”（3 世纪到 12 世纪），考虑手头的问题：大流行病、猪、做什么和为什么做的问题。时期二, “隐喻”（12 世纪到 16 世纪），将猪变成社会政治问题的隐喻，以在人类群体之间做出强烈区分。时期三，“科学”（16 世纪到 20 世纪），认为证据应该有助于决定在面对人畜共患病大流行时应该做什么。结论“方向”首先考虑了人类感染动物的反向人畜共患病的可能性，然后对几个研究领域进行了反思。