A photovoltaic solar cell (PVSC) is a type of power system that uses photovoltaic technology to convert the energy of solar light directly into electricity and is therefore capable of operating only when illuminated. Because the sun does not shine at all hours of the day in a given location, solar power is intermittent. Due to this intermittency, PVSCs are unable to provide electricity during the evening and night. For this reason, it is essential to hybridize the PVSCs with electrical energy storage (EES) devices such as capacitors, Li-ion batteries, and supercapacitors (SC) in one single power unit. One of the most promising support systems for meeting the enormous and diverse power demand in contemporary civilization is sunlight-powered energy conversion, which simultaneously achieves power conversion and energy storage. SCs can store huge amounts of energy and have a long service life. They also have a fast charge-discharge time, excellent cyclic stability, and outstanding low-temperature performance. They are one of the alternatives to traditional batteries for replacing them because of their qualities. Growing demand for green energy, miniaturization, and wearable mini-electronic devices will result from the combination of PVSCs and SCs into a single hybrid device. This paper describes an integrated system with a NiO₂ nanotubular supercapacitor serving as an energy storage device and a nanostructured PVSC operating as an energy conversion device based on CdTe/CdS heterojunctions. Here, a PVSC is disposed of on the light-receiving front side of a single glass slide, both of which are covered with conductive indium-tin-oxide (ITO) thin film and an AAO template with pores filled with a photosensitive (CdS/CdTe) material. The SC part of the device is located on its rear side. The main operations for the fabrication of the proposed device are listed. It was shown that the design features of the device allow combining and simultaneous execution of some similar fabrication operations, which would have to be carried out in the case of separate manufacture of the constituent elements of the device. To date, experimental studies on the practical implementation of the PV part of the device have been carried out. The preparation technique and structural, optical, and morphological properties of glass/ITO/AAO/CdS structures were investigated through XRD, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Raman, and UV-Visible spectroscopy. The materials were demonstrated to be quite suitable as raw materials for the production of solar cells.

中文翻译：

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基于嵌在多孔阳极氧化铝模板中的 NiO2 和 CdS 纳米柱的超级电容器与太阳能电池的集成

光伏太阳能电池（PVSC）是一种电力系统，它利用光伏技术将太阳光的能量直接转化为电能，因此只有在光照时才能运行。由于在给定位置一天中的所有时间都没有阳光，因此太阳能是间歇性的。由于这种间歇性，光伏太阳能电池无法在傍晚和夜间提供电力。因此，必须将 PVSC 与电容器、锂离子电池和超级电容器 (SC) 等电能存储 (EES) 设备混合在一个单一的电源装置中。满足当代文明巨大而多样的电力需求的最有前途的支撑系统之一是太阳能能源转换，它同时实现了电力转换和储能。SCs 可以储存大量的能量并且具有很长的使用寿命。它们还具有快速充放电时间、出色的循环稳定性和出色的低温性能。由于它们的品质，它们是传统电池的替代品之一。对绿色能源、小型化和可穿戴微型电子设备的需求不断增长，这将源于将 PVSC 和 SC 组合成一个单一的混合设备。本文介绍了一个带有 NiO 的集成系统 和可穿戴微型电子设备将由 PVSC 和 SC 组合成一个单一的混合设备。本文介绍了一个带有 NiO 的集成系统 和可穿戴微型电子设备将由 PVSC 和 SC 组合成一个单一的混合设备。本文介绍了一个带有 NiO 的集成系统_2个作为能量存储设备的纳米管超级电容器和作为基于 CdTe/CdS 异质结的能量转换设备的纳米结构 PVSC。这里，将 PVSC 布置在单个载玻片的光接收正面，两者都覆盖有导电氧化铟锡（ITO）薄膜和孔隙填充有光敏（CdS / CdTe）材料。设备的 SC 部分位于其背面。列出了所建议设备制造的主要操作。结果表明，该设备的设计特征允许组合和同时执行一些类似的制造操作，这在单独制造设备的组成元件的情况下必须执行。迄今为止，已经对装置的光伏部分的实际实施进行了实验研究。通过 XRD、扫描电子显微镜、能量色散 X 射线光谱、拉曼和紫外-可见光谱研究了玻璃/ITO/AAO/CdS 结构的制备技术和结构、光学和形貌特性。这些材料被证明非常适合作为生产太阳能电池的原材料。