The primary approaches for evaluating prospective capital projects, which are investments (outlays) with future financial benefits, are net present value (NPV) and the internal rate of return (IRR), both based on the discounted expected positive and negative cash flows. The NPV formula can be used to provide three additional insights into the evaluation of prospective investment opportunities: normal profit, economic (discounted) payback (or breakeven) period, and maximum investment cost.

中文翻译：

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资本预算的不确定性：NPV 公式中的五个特定安全（或危险）边际

评估预期资本项目（即具有未来财务收益的投资（支出））的主要方法是净现值（NPV）和内部收益率（IRR），两者均基于贴现的预期正现金流和负现金流。NPV 公式可用于为评估潜在投资机会提供三个额外的见解：正常利润、经济（贴现）回收期（或盈亏平衡）和最大投资成本。