Teachers across educational systems struggle to find time to provide quality feedback to their students. Asking students to create their own feedback has been shown to enhance students' performance. In this experimental study, we explored the effects of rubrics and exemplars on writing performance, encouraging students to employ these tools for self-feedback generation. Two hundred six 9th- and 10th-grade students participated. Students were asked to write an essay and revise it based on the information provided to them under four conditions: control, rubrics, exemplars, and combined condition (rubrics and exemplars). After submitting the revised version of their essay, students in experimental conditions were trained on how to use rubrics and/or exemplars. Students were then asked to write another essay and revise it based on the information consistent with their experimental group membership (i.e., control, rubric, exemplars, combined). We found that students in the rubrics condition benefited the most, closely followed by students in the exemplars condition, and then the combined condition. The performance across conditions was somewhat variable for the three performance outcomes. Furthermore, the improvement in the usage of the tools following the training session was the highest for the exemplars condition. We conclude that teachers can encourage students to use both rubrics and exemplars to generate self-feedback and improve performance. This way, teachers' workload can be significantly decreased. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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揭示标题和范例对学生写作表现的影响。

整个教育系统的教师都在努力寻找时间向学生提供高质量的反馈。要求学生创建自己的反馈已被证明可以提高学生的表现。在这项实验研究中，我们探讨了评分标准和范例对写作表现的影响，鼓励学生使用这些工具进行自我反馈生成。206 名 9 年级和 10 年级的学生参加了此次活动。学生被要求写一篇文章，并根据在四种情况下提供给他们的信息进行修改：控制、规则、范例和组合条件（规则和范例）。在提交修改后的论文后，实验条件下的学生接受了如何使用标题和/或范例的培训。然后要求学生写另一篇文章，并根据与他们的实验组成员（即控制、标题、范例、组合）一致的信息对其进行修改。我们发现，在 rubrics 条件下的学生受益最多，紧随其后的是在 examplars 条件下的学生，然后是组合条件下的学生。对于三种绩效结果，不同条件下的绩效有所不同。此外，培训课程后工具使用的改进在示例条件下是最高的。我们的结论是，教师可以鼓励学生同时使用评分标准和范例来产生自我反馈并提高表现。这样，教师的工作量可以大大减少。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2023 APA，保留所有权利）。