The fats, protein and carbohydrates afforded by tree nuts and fruits are key resources for communities from Southeast Asia, through Melanesia, Australia and across Oceania. They are important in long-distance marine trade networks, large-scale ceremonial gatherings, and are core resources in a wide range of subsistence economies, including foraging systems, horticulture and swidden agriculture. Recent archaeobotanical evidence has also shown their deep-time importance, being amongst the earliest foods used in the colonisation of novel environments in Australia and New Guinea, as well as the later colonisation of Near and Remote Oceania. The archaeobotanical methods used to identify fruit and nut-derived plant macrofossils have been largely limited to use of morphological characters of near whole or exceptionally preserved remains, most commonly endocarps, the hard, nutshell-like interior layer of the fruit protecting the seed. Here we detail how anatomical characteristics of endocarps, visible in light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), can be used with surviving morphological features to identify confidently the use of key Asia-Pacific economic trees, in this case, Canarium, Pandanus and Terminalia. Systematic anatomical description allows the identification of these important economic taxa, and separation from the remains of others such as Aleurites and Cocos, when found in a range of archaeological assemblages. This includes the often highly fragmented charred assemblages that can be recovered routinely from most sites with appropriate fine-sieving and flotation methods. These methods provide the basis for a more representative and nuanced understanding of ancient plant use, economy and social systems operating in the region and, being particularly useful in tropical regions, will broaden the archaeobotanical database on ancient foods globally.

中文翻译：

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使用解剖学标准对亚太地区主要经济树种破碎的坚果和水果进行考古鉴定：金丝雀、露兜树和榄仁的比较分析

坚果和水果提供的脂肪、蛋白质和碳水化合物是东南亚、美拉尼西亚、澳大利亚和大洋洲各地社区的关键资源。它们在远距离海洋贸易网络、大型礼仪聚会中很重要，并且是包括觅食系统、园艺和轮垦农业在内的广泛自给经济的核心资源。最近的考古植物学证据也显示了它们的深远意义，它们是最早用于在澳大利亚和新几内亚新环境中殖民的食物，以及后来对近大洋洲和偏远大洋洲的殖民。用于鉴定源自水果和坚果的植物大化石的考古植物学方法在很大程度上仅限于使用几乎完整或保存完好的遗骸的形态特征，最常见的内果皮是果实的坚硬、果壳状的内层，保护种子。在这里，我们详细介绍了在光和扫描电子显微镜 (SEM) 中可见的内果皮的解剖特征如何与幸存的形态特征一起使用，以自信地识别亚太地区主要经济树的使用，在这种情况下，Canarium、露兜树和榄仁树。当在一系列考古组合中发现时，系统的解剖学描述可以识别这些重要的经济分类群，并与其他如油橄榄和椰子的遗骸分离。这包括通常可以通过适当的细筛和浮选方法从大多数地点常规回收的高度碎片化的烧焦组合。这些方法为更具有代表性和细致入微地了解该地区古代植物的利用、经济和社会系统提供了基础，并且在热带地区特别有用，将扩大全球古代食物的考古植物学数据库。