Using Major League Soccer data from 2004 to 2018 seasons as a rich dataset, this study examines the role of economic and personal freedom at subnational (state) level in determining team performance. Inspired by public economics studies and issues related with labour migration, unlike previous studies, we investigate the relationship between the quality of a state’s institutions and team (firm) outcome. Our estimates suggest that un(freedom) has statistical significant and harmful but not large impact on sports results in soccer. The magnitude of the effect depends on the initial level of team performance.

中文翻译：

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职业团队运动的成功：经济和个人自由是否提供竞争优势？

本研究使用美国职业足球大联盟 2004 年至 2018 赛季的数据作为丰富的数据集，考察了次国家（州）层面的经济和个人自由在决定球队表现中的作用。受公共经济学研究和劳动力迁移相关问题的启发，与以前的研究不同，我们调查了国家机构质量与团队（公司）结果之间的关系。我们的估计表明，un(freedom) 对足球运动结果具有统计学意义和有害但影响不大。影响的大小取决于团队绩效的初始水平。