Agriculture is vulnerable to drought indicating that the increasing climate crisis requires the necessity of sustainable crop production. In this study, we developed the Irrigation Schedule and Management (ISM) model based on a simulation–optimization (Soil Water Atmosphere Plant-SWAP model with Genetic Algorithm-GA) framework. The ISM model finds an optimal combination of Irrigation Water Amount (IWA) and Irrigation Interval (II) by adjusting Water Stress (WS) responding to environmental conditions (weather, soils, crops and bottom boundary conditions) throughout growing periods. By conditioning the crop (WS) and water management (IWA and II) variables, ISM improves the sustainability of optimal crop productions under different climatic-land surface conditions. The Regional Agromet Center (RAC) site in Faisalabad (at Punjab, Pakistan) was selected to test the proposed ISM model for the field validation/synthetic numerical experiments with various crops (Wheat, Corn and Potato) and soils. We demonstrated that the ISM model that reflects the relationship between crop and water management variables improved the sustainability of crop productions and Water Productivity (WP) compared to those of the conventional irrigation method at the RAC site under various environment conditions. Additionally, the ISM-based long-term crop productions showed the variations along the yearly precipitation changes indicating that optimal combinations of the crop and water management variables are considerably influenced by environmental conditions. Although uncertainties exist, our proposed ISM model can contribute to the establishment of efficient irrigation schedule/management plans under agricultural drought.

农业易受干旱影响，这表明日益严重的气候危机需要可持续的作物生产。在这项研究中，我们开发了基于模拟优化（具有遗传算法-GA 的土壤水气植物-SWAP 模型）框架的灌溉计划和管理 (ISM) 模型。ISM 模型通过在整个生长期间根据环境条件（天气、土壤、作物和底部边界条件）调整水分胁迫 (WS)，找到灌溉水量 (IWA) 和灌溉间隔 (II) 的最佳组合。通过调节作物 (WS) 和水管理 (IWA 和 II) 变量，ISM 提高了不同气候-地表条件下最佳作物生产的可持续性。费萨拉巴德地区农业气象中心 (RAC) 站点（旁遮普省，巴基斯坦）被选中来测试提议的 ISM 模型，用于各种作物（小麦、玉米和马铃薯）和土壤的田间验证/合成数值实验。我们证明，与 RAC 场地在各种环境条件下的常规灌溉方法相比，反映作物和水资源管理变量之间关系的 ISM 模型提高了作物生产和水资源生产率 (WP) 的可持续性。此外，基于 ISM 的长期作物产量显示出随着年降水量变化的变化，表明作物和水管理变量的最佳组合受到环境条件的极大影响。尽管存在不确定性，