After 1990, and increasingly in recent years, it became possible in South Africa to extend our focus in teaching and writing about literature to consider how the project of social liberation might relate to ecological awareness, or even spiritual experience. This essay is about some of the poetry by the North American writer Gary Snyder that I’ve found inspirational in this regard. His work embodies a lifetime’s lively conversation between ecological engagement and Buddhist practice and invokes the idea of liberation at many levels. At the heart of this is an image of the interconnected, nondual reality he calls in one poem ‘rocks and streams.’ This aspect of Snyder’s work is fairly well known, but how does it relate to the love poetry he has continued to write since the 1950s? What, if anything, do the poems about the love of a partner have to do with spiritual practice, and the core eco-Buddhist insights that have defined his writing? These are the questions that interest me here.

1990 年之后，以及近年来越来越多的情况，南非可以将我们的关注点扩大到文学教学和写作，以考虑社会解放项目如何与生态意识甚至精神体验相关联。这篇文章是关于北美作家加里·斯奈德（Gary Snyder）的一些诗歌，我在这方面找到了灵感。他的作品体现了生态参与和佛教实践之间一生的生动对话，并在多个层面唤起了解放的理念。其核心是他在一首诗中称其为“岩石和溪流”的相互关联的非二元现实的形象。斯奈德作品的这一方面是众所周知的，但它与他自 1950 年代以来继续创作的爱情诗有何关系？什么，如果有的话，关于伴侣之爱的诗歌是否与精神实践有关，以及定义他写作的核心生态佛教见解？这些是我在这里感兴趣的问题。