This essay situates Count-Bishop Oliba of Vic in post-Carolingian western Europe by comparing his spiritual and political roles to those of contemporary bishops beyond the Pyrenees: Fulbert of Chartres, Gerard of Cambrai, Burchard of Worms, and Aribert of Milan. Although not in direct communication with each other, these men faced similar challenges. Each bishop concentrated on securing the regional levers of power, either assuming the roles traditionally held by counts or else contesting these with actual counts. A major factor differentiating their careers was the presence or absence of strong royal authority, which determined not only their selection as bishops but also the extent to which, after consecration, they were obliged to respond to external authority.

中文翻译：

---

奥利巴主教时代的西欧：加洛林王朝之后的坚持与转变

本文将维克的奥利巴伯爵主教置于后加洛林时期的西欧，将他的精神和政治角色与比利牛斯山脉以外的当代主教进行比较：沙特尔的富尔伯特、康布雷的杰拉德、沃尔姆斯的伯查德和米兰的阿里伯特。尽管彼此之间没有直接沟通，但这些人面临着类似的挑战。每位主教都专注于确保区域权力杠杆，要么承担传统上由伯爵担任的角色，要么与实际伯爵争夺这些角色。区分他们职业生涯的一个主要因素是强大的王室权威的存在与否，这不仅决定了他们被选为主教，还决定了他们在奉献后有义务回应外部权威的程度。