It is critical to thoroughly investigate, characterize, and understand the unique emission profiles of common and novel polymer feedstocks used in fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printers as these products become increasingly ubiquitous in consumer and industrial environments. This work contributes unique insights regarding the effects of polymer composite feedstocks with metal, ceramic, or carbonaceous particle additives on particulate emissions in a variety of filaments under various print conditions, including print temperature. In addition to active characterization of particulate size and concentration following the ANSI/CAN/UL 2904 method, particulate sampling and subsequent analysis by scanning electron microscopy revealed agglomeration behavior that may have important health implications. Specifically, fine particles (0.3–2.5 μm) generated by certain filaments including acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and glycol-modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PETG) are shown to be formed via agglomeration of emitted ultrafine particles rather than composed of coherent primary particles; accordingly, transport and behavior of these particulates after inhalation may not follow expected patterns for micrometer-sized particles. Structures resembling carbonaceous additives (e.g., graphene and nanotubes) were also captured by airborne sampling during printing of filaments containing carbonaceous advanced materials.

中文翻译：

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添加剂影响 3D 打印机排放曲线：对安全使用聚合物长丝复合材料的影响

随着熔丝制造 (FFF) 3D 打印机中使用的常见和新型聚合物原料在消费者和工业环境中变得越来越普遍，彻底调查、表征和了解其独特的排放曲线至关重要。这项工作为聚合物复合原料与金属、陶瓷或碳质颗粒添加剂对各种打印条件（包括打印温度）下各种长丝的颗粒排放的影响提供了独特的见解。除了按照 ANSI/CAN/UL 2904 方法主动表征颗粒大小和浓度外，颗粒采样和随后通过扫描电子显微镜进行的分析揭示了可能具有重要健康影响的聚集行为。具体而言，细颗粒 (0.3–2. 5 μm) 由某些细丝产生，包括丙烯腈丁二烯苯乙烯 (ABS) 和乙二醇改性聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯 (PETG)，经证明是通过发射的超细颗粒的团聚形成的，而不是由连贯的初级颗粒组成；因此，这些颗粒在吸入后的传输和行为可能不会遵循微米级颗粒的预期模式。在打印含有碳质先进材料的长丝期间，还通过空气采样捕获了类似于碳质添加剂（例如，石墨烯和纳米管）的结构。这些颗粒物在吸入后的传输和行为可能不会遵循微米级颗粒物的预期模式。在打印含有碳质先进材料的长丝期间，还通过空气采样捕获了类似于碳质添加剂（例如，石墨烯和纳米管）的结构。这些颗粒物在吸入后的传输和行为可能不会遵循微米级颗粒物的预期模式。在打印含有碳质先进材料的长丝期间，还通过空气采样捕获了类似于碳质添加剂（例如，石墨烯和纳米管）的结构。