This study investigates the communication strategy (CS) use of English as a foreign language (EFL) learners in videoconferencing (VC), virtual world (VW), and face-to-face environments. The study was conducted with 30 senior Turkish undergraduate EFL students. The data were collected via video and audio recordings of three opinion-exchange tasks, a background and post-task questionnaire, and an interview that includes a retrospective think-aloud protocol. The participants worked in groups of five to complete the opinion-exchange tasks in each of the three environments. The findings indicated that the participants made use of a wide range of CSs, and although some of the CSs differed, mostly the same types were employed in all the environments. However, the results revealed that the frequency of CSs showed variance among environments, with the highest number in the VC environment and the lowest in the VW. It was possible to establish a connection between the differences in the frequency and the types of strategy use with the distinctive features of the environments, the proficiency level of the participants, and the type of the tasks that was utilized. Additively, 10 new strategy types were discovered.

中文翻译：

---

EFL 学习者在视频会议、虚拟世界和面对面环境中的交流策略使用

本研究调查了英语作为外语 (EFL) 学习者在视频会议 (VC)、虚拟世界 (VW) 和面对面环境中的交流策略 (CS) 使用情况。该研究是针对 30 名高年级土耳其本科 EFL 学生进行的。数据是通过三个意见交换任务的视频和音频记录、背景和任务后调查问卷以及包括回顾性有声思考协议的访谈收集的。参与者以五人一组的形式在三种环境中分别完成意见交换任务。调查结果表明，参与者使用了广泛的 CS，尽管一些 CS 不同，但在所有环境中都使用了大多数相同类型的 CS。然而，结果显示 CS 的频率在不同环境中表现出差异，在 VC 环境中数量最多，在 VW 环境中数量最少。可以在策略使用的频率差异和类型与环境的显着特征、参与者的熟练程度以及所使用的任务类型之间建立联系。此外，还发现了 10 种新的策略类型。