ABSTRACT

Languages vary widely in terms of gender systems showing differences in the number of classes, underlying assignment rules and how and where gender is marked. The legislative drafting policy conventionally known as the ‘masculine rule’, whereby ‘he includes she’, raised opposition in the 1970s (under the pressure of feminist movements in the United States and Europe), and the adoption of plain English style forced legislative drafters to basically avoid sentences of undue length, superfluous definitions, repeated words and gender specificity with the aim of achieving clarity, minimising ambiguity, and enhance gender-neutrality. Given the prevalence of English as lingua franca, an increasing number of international organisations (i.e. the European Union) and non-English-speaking jurisdictions (i.e. the Italian jurisdiction) have recently shown some instances of a drafting style much more inclined to gender equality. Anything that causes drafters to challenge fixed old habits (i.e. formulaic expressions, grammar rules and social norms, repetitive use of form-meaning associations, common patterns of thought) might be seen as an opportunity for innovation and improvement (unusual collocations, unpredictable compounds). That must be welcome in the environment of English-speaking legislative drafting techniques where considerable reliance on precedent is inevitable and often desirable, a factor which certainly introduces a resistance to change in legislative language and makes it inclined to archaism. In light of the above, the aim of this research is to analyse the lexico-grammatical specificities of the selected languages (English and Italian), and the lexico-grammatical strategies proposed by the EU institutions to implement the EU normative acts into the Italian legislation aiming at gender fair and symmetric representation of men and women.

摘要

语言在性别系统方面差异很大，显示出班级数量、基本分配规则以及性别标记方式和位置的差异。传统上被称为“男性化规则”的立法起草政策，即“他包括她”，在 1970 年代引起了反对（在美国和欧洲的女权运动的压力下），采用简单的英语风格迫使立法起草者基本避免句子过长、定义多余、单词重复和性别特定，以达到清晰、减少歧义和增强性别中立的目的。鉴于英语作为通用语的流行，越来越多的国际组织（即欧盟）和非英语国家（即 意大利司法管辖区）最近展示了一些更倾向于性别平等的起草风格的例子。任何导致起草者挑战固定的旧习惯（即公式化表达、语法规则和社会规范、重复使用形式-意义关联、共同的思维模式）的任何事情都可能被视为创新和改进的机会（不寻常的搭配、不可预测的化合物） . 在以英语为母语的立法起草技术环境中，这一定是受欢迎的，在这种环境中，对先例的大量依赖是不可避免的，而且往往是可取的，这个因素肯定会引入对立法语言变化的抵制，并使其倾向于古语。鉴于上述情况，本研究的目的是分析所选语言（英语和意大利语）的词汇语法特性，