Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized vesicles derived from cells that transport biomaterials between cells through biofluids. Due to their biological role and components, they are considered as potential drug carriers and for diagnostic applications. Today's advanced nanotechnology enables single-particle-level analysis that was difficult in the past due to its small size below the diffraction limit. Single EV analysis reveals the heterogeneity of EVs, which could not be discovered by various ensemble analysis methods. Understanding the characteristics of single EVs enables more advanced pathological and biological researches. This review focuses on the advanced techniques employed for EV analysis at the single particle level and describes the principles of each technique.

中文翻译：

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在单粒子水平上分析细胞外囊泡的方法

细胞外囊泡 (EV) 是源自细胞的纳米级囊泡，可通过生物流体在细胞之间运输生物材料。由于它们的生物学作用和成分，它们被认为是潜在的药物载体和诊断应用。当今先进的纳米技术能够实现单粒子水平的分析，这在过去由于其小尺寸低于衍射极限而难以实现。单个 EV 分析揭示了 EV 的异质性，这是各种集成分析方法无法发现的。了解单个 EV 的特性可以进行更先进的病理学和生物学研究。本综述重点介绍了在单粒子水平上用于 EV 分析的先进技术，并描述了每种技术的原理。