This review seeks to enrich our understanding of how a leader's status influences leadership outcomes such as motivation to lead, leader emergence and perceived leader effectiveness. The focus is on the leader's diffuse status, that is, status derived from demographic (e.g., gender and race) and physical (e.g., height and body shape) characteristics. Drawing insights from empirical findings and their theoretical underpinnings, we (1) highlight the need to explicitly model the leader's diffuse status as a mediator in the relationship between leader demographic and physical characteristics and leadership outcomes, (2) differentiate the effects of the leader's diffuse status as perceived by others (interpersonal level) and the leader's diffuse status as perceived by the leader (intrapersonal level) and (3) synthesize a wide range of contextual factors that influence the degree to which the leader's demographic and physical characteristics affect leadership outcomes through the leader's diffuse status. Moreover, we explain how other status types, such as status derived from the leader's position in the organizational hierarchy and status related to task-relevant leader characteristics, can moderate the effects of the leader's diffuse status. Finally, we discuss the utility of our proposed integrative framework for researchers and practitioners and outline promising future research opportunities.

中文翻译：

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领导者分散地位和领导成果：迈向综合框架

本次回顾旨在丰富我们对领导者地位如何影响领导成果（例如领导动机、领导者涌现和感知领导者有效性）的理解。重点是领导者的分散地位，即源自人口统计（例如性别和种族）和身体（例如身高和体型）特征的地位。从实证研究结果及其理论基础中汲取见解，我们（1）强调需要明确建模领导者的分散地位，作为领导者人口统计和身体特征与领导成果之间关系的中介，(2) 区分他人感知到的领导者分散状态（人际层面）和领导者感知到的领导者分散状态（人际层面）的影响，以及 (3) 综合影响影响程度的各种背景因素。领导者的人口统计和身体特征通过领导者的分散地位影响领导成果。此外，我们还解释了其他地位类型（例如源自领导者在组织层次结构中的职位的地位以及与任务相关的领导者特征相关的地位）如何调节领导者分散地位的影响。最后，我们讨论了我们提出的综合框架对研究人员和从业者的实用性，并概述了有前途的未来研究机会。