Following the 2009 EU Renewable Energy Directive, Finland, Norway and Sweden have overachieved their 10% renewable transport fuel obligations by 2020, mainly by increasing biofuel consumption. This seems puzzling from explanatory perspectives focused on EU adaptation pressure and changes in domestic politics. These perspectives can partly explain implementation, but the policy context—actual and potential biofuel industry development and ‘green growth’ opportunities—appears central for explaining overachievement of EU obligations. Moreover, the composition and explanatory power of the three perspectives differ. In Norway, the combination of EU adaptation pressure, changes in domestic politics and potential industry development promoted overachievement; by contrast, actual industry development and supportive domestic politics, as well as new opportunities from EU policies, proved more important in Sweden and Finland. These findings speak to the literature on EU implementation, energy policies and leadership.

根据 2009 年欧盟可再生能源指令，芬兰、挪威和瑞典到 2020 年已经超额完成了 10% 的可再生运输燃料义务，主要是通过增加生物燃料消耗。从侧重于欧盟适应压力和国内政治变化的解释性角度来看，这似乎令人费解。这些观点可以部分解释执行情况，但政策背景——实际和潜在的生物燃料产业发展和“绿色增长”机会——似乎是解释欧盟义务超额完成的关键。此外，三个视角的构成和解释力也不同。在挪威，欧盟适应压力、国内政治变化和潜在的行业发展共同推动了超额成就；相比之下，实际的行业发展和支持性的国内政治，以及来自欧盟政策的新机遇，在瑞典和芬兰被证明更为重要。这些发现与有关欧盟实施、能源政策和领导力的文献有关。