Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have great potential to contribute to numerous application fields of biomedicine, which are highly dependent on their physicochemical properties, such as size and shape. Due to the final characteristics, nanoparticles (NPs) are primarily affected by different factors of reaction conditions; the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of manipulating the main physical parameters of the Turkevich method to optimise the fabrication of citrated capped AuNPs in a spherical shape, desirable final size, and efficiency. For this purpose, various experiments of citrate-capped spherical AuNPs synthesis were designed to study the roles of a wide range of initial pH values and temperature of reaction, Na3 Cit/HAuCl4 molar ratio, and two order reagent additions, method I and method II, in the final characterisations and reaction efficacy. Prepared NPs synthesised with different experiments were characterised by dynamic light scattering, UV-Visible, and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Furthermore, NPs obtained from optimised synthesis conditions were more detailed using UV-Visible, transmission electron microscopy, and XRD. The findings indicated that the final size and synthesis efficacy of citrated capped spherical AuNPs were significantly affected by all studied synthesis parameters and the order addition of reagents. The higher initial reaction temperature and Na3 Cit/HAuCl4 Molar ratio provided a smaller particle size with desirable synthesis efficacy. Besides, final optimised NPs were provided in cubic crystal structures, and each NP's single crystal was obtained. In sum, our findings indicated that optimising synthesis conditions could improve size distribution, morphology, crystallite size, and structures of final NPS, as well as efficiency, which is a principal factor associated with future cost-effective productions on large scales. Further studies are needed in this regard.

中文翻译：

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不同物理因素对球形金纳米粒子合成的影响，以实现具有成本效益的生物医学应用。

金纳米粒子 (AuNPs) 具有很大的潜力，可以为生物医学的众多应用领域做出贡献，这些领域高度依赖于它们的物理化学性质，例如尺寸和形状。由于最终特性，纳米粒子 (NPs) 主要受反应条件的不同因素影响；本研究旨在评估操纵 Turkevich 方法的主要物理参数以优化球形柠檬酸盐封端 AuNP 的制造、理想的最终尺寸和效率的效果。为此，设计了各种柠檬酸盐封端的球形 AuNP 合成实验，以研究各种初始 pH 值和反应温度、Na3 Cit/HAuCl4 摩尔比和二级试剂添加、方法 I 和方法 II 的作用, 在最终表征和反应功效中。通过不同实验合成的制备的 NPs 通过动态光散射、紫外-可见光和傅里叶变换红外光谱进行表征。此外，使用紫外-可见光、透射电子显微镜和 XRD，从优化合成条件获得的 NPs 更加详细。研究结果表明，柠檬酸盐封端球形 AuNP 的最终尺寸和合成效率受所有研究的合成参数和试剂添加顺序的显着影响。较高的初始反应温度和 Na3 Cit/HAuCl4 摩尔比提供了较小的粒径和理想的合成效率。此外，最终优化的 NP 以立方晶体结构提供，并获得每个 NP 的单晶。总共，我们的研究结果表明，优化合成条件可以改善最终 NPS 的尺寸分布、形态、微晶尺寸和结构，以及效率，这是与未来大规模成本效益生产相关的主要因素。在这方面需要进一步研究。