ABSTRACT

Radiotherapy is an established therapy in cancer treatments that uses energy deposition directly into tumor tissue. With the introduction of radiosensitizers, invasive surgical and chemotherapy techniques can be avoided. Radiosensitizers with a high-Z base such as gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are promising candidates for catalyzing tumor injury and simultaneously enabling tracking to be done inside the organ via a computed tomography scan or other diagnostic imaging. It has been documented that AuNP possess biocompatibility characteristics as well as nontoxic properties depending on the size of the application and the applied coating. Radiosensitizers can increase tumor targeting, thus providing more specific destruction than conventional techniques while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissues. This review focuses on the special properties of AuNP in assisting radiotherapy as a radiosensitizing agent. Important parameters for AuNP’s optimization are listed to offer general guidelines for which the specifications of AuNP should be directed. In addition, the mechanism of AuNP radiosensitization in physical, chemical, and biological phases is discussed. A list of in vitro and in vivo testing and current clinical trials of AuNP are presented in sequence. Finally, the utilization of AuNP for diagnosing and combating the COVID-19 pandemic is discussed for future outbreak surveillance and intervention.

摘要

放射疗法是癌症治疗中的一种成熟疗法，它使用能量直接沉积到肿瘤组织中。随着放射增敏剂的引入，可以避免侵入性手术和化疗技术。具有高 Z 基的放射增敏剂，如金纳米粒子 (AuNP)，是催化肿瘤损伤并同时通过计算机断层扫描或其他诊断成像在器官内部进行追踪的有前途的候选者。据记载，AuNP 具有生物相容性特性以及无毒特性，具体取决于应用的大小和所应用的涂层。放射增敏剂可以增加肿瘤靶向性，从而提供比传统技术更具体的破坏，同时最大限度地减少对周围健康组织的损害。本综述重点介绍了 AuNP 作为放射增敏剂辅助放射治疗的特殊性质。列出了 AuNP 优化的重要参数，以提供应指导 AuNP 规范的一般准则。此外，还讨论了 AuNP 在物理、化学和生物阶段的放射增敏机制。AuNP 的体外和体内测试和当前临床试验列表按顺序列出。最后，讨论了 AuNP 在诊断和对抗 COVID-19 大流行中的应用，以用于未来的疫情监测和干预。讨论了 AuNP 在物理、化学和生物阶段的辐射增敏机制。AuNP 的体外和体内测试和当前临床试验列表按顺序列出。最后，讨论了 AuNP 在诊断和对抗 COVID-19 大流行中的应用，以用于未来的疫情监测和干预。讨论了 AuNP 在物理、化学和生物阶段的辐射增敏机制。AuNP 的体外和体内测试和当前临床试验列表按顺序列出。最后，讨论了 AuNP 在诊断和对抗 COVID-19 大流行中的应用，以用于未来的疫情监测和干预。