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• From Freak Show to Jim Crow:A Siamese Twin and His Deaf Daughter in the Antebellum and Postbellum South
• Edna Edith Sayers (bio)

Eng and Chang Bunker (1811–1874) were conjoined twins of Chinese ethnicity born in Siam (today, Thailand). Before the Civil War, they toured the United States to exhibit themselves as a "human curiosity," a wonder of nature, their conjoined state documented by local doctors at each stop on their tours, and their exhibition touted as edifying and educational. At the same time, however, their skin and hair color and their facial features were widely ridiculed as racial markers. The American public was amazed, therefore, or, rather, aghast to learn in 1840 that these racialized "freaks of nature" had bought land in North Carolina's Piedmont, built a house, taken US citizenship and the last name Bunker, married two farmer's daughters, Sarah (Sally Ann) and Adelaide Yates, and were fathering with them what would become, respectively, eleven and ten children. Two of Chang and Adelaide's children, Louisa and Jesse, were born deaf in 1855 and 1861, respectively, and would attend school at the North Carolina Institution for the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind (NCIDDB) during its chaotic Reconstruction years of partial racial integration,¹ where Louisa would marry a deaf teacher [End Page 553] of semi-segregated "colored" deaf pupils. Meanwhile, the twins had returned to the freak show touring circuit, now as conjoined Southern gentlemen and fathers of growing families, exhibiting, along with their own anomalous bodies, sample well-dressed offspring who bore marked resemblances to themselves. Naturally, the two deaf children were never selected as co-exhibits, the point of exhibiting sample children, after all, being to show that the offspring of these "curiosities" were healthy, handsome, and acceptably "normal."

The lives of Chang and his daughter Louisa thus provide a two-generation immigrant story of negotiating the culturally constructed intersections of race and physical anomaly both before and after the Civil War. As we shall see, Louisa's life was largely determined by the choices that her father made in his efforts to negotiate those intersections.

An Introduction to the Bunkers' World and the State of the Scholarship

The 1843 double wedding of the Siamese twins with the teenaged Yates sisters generated a great deal of prurient interest in the national press, which would seize on the fact that two of the children were "deaf and dumb" to extrapolate from there on how wrong it was for conjoined twins to marry. Obituaries of the twins from Boston newspapers, for example, claimed, variously, that all of Chang's and Eng's offspring had feeble constitutions, "several of them deaf and dumb," and that "six or eight deaf and dumb and otherwise feebly organized children" were the result of the marriages. In North Carolina, in contrast, the fact that the twins were conjoined seemed less problematic than other singularities. The girls' father, David Yates, opposed the marriages solely on the basis of "an ineradicable prejudice against [Chang's and Eng's] race and nationality." Their first biographer, and neighbor, Judge Jesse Franklin Graves, underplayed both their physical anomaly and their race, explaining that "Their manner of life was . . . very much like that of the better class of farmers around them," although, he admitted, at first the two couples shared a house and a "very wide bed" [emphasis in original]. It was rather two other peculiarities in the Bunker families that attracted attention among their neighbors. One was those two "deaf mute" children "at the asylum [End Page 554] in Raleigh," which is how the locals understood attending the state school for the deaf. (The state had finally established a system for common schools in 1839, but few communities in the Piedmont had any public schools at all, and the other Bunker children who were in school at all attended a private school kept by two clergymen.) The other was that the Bunkers had a much larger number of slaves than anyone else did, and most of these enslaved persons were very young children, too young to do any work for their owners.²

As for the family's view of its...

中文翻译：

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从怪胎秀到吉姆·克劳：战前和战后南部的连体双胞胎和他的聋女

代替摘要，这里是内容的简短摘录：

• 从怪胎秀到吉姆·克劳：战前和战后南部的连体双胞胎和他的聋女
• 埃德娜·伊迪丝·赛耶斯（生物）

E ng and Chang Bunker _（1811-1874）是在暹罗（今泰国）出生的华裔连体双胞胎。南北战争之前，他们在美国巡回演出，以展示自己作为“人类的好奇心”，大自然的奇迹，当地医生在他们旅行的每一站记录他们的联合状态，他们的展览被吹捧为具有启发性和教育性。然而，与此同时，他们的皮肤和头发颜色以及他们的面部特征被广泛嘲笑为种族标志。因此，美国公众对 1840 年得知这些种族化的“自然怪胎”在北卡罗来纳州皮埃蒙特买地、盖房子、获得美国公民身份和姓邦克、娶了两个农民的女儿后感到惊讶，或者更确切地说，惊恐万分。 ，莎拉（莎莉安）和阿德莱德耶茨，并分别与他们一起成为父亲，十一和十个孩子。Chang 和 Adelaide 的两个孩子 Louisa 和 Jesse 分别于 1855 年和 1861 年出生时失聪，他们将在北卡罗来纳州聋哑盲人研究所 (NCIDDB) 上学,¹路易莎会嫁给一位聋哑老师[完页 553]，其中有半隔离的“有色”聋学生。与此同时，这对双胞胎又回到了畸形秀巡回演出中，现在他们作为南方绅士和成长中家庭的父亲一起展示，连同他们自己的异常身体，展示了与他们有着明显相似之处的穿着考究的后代。当然，这两个聋童从来没有被选为共同展品，毕竟展示样本孩子的目的是为了表明这些“好奇”的后代是健康的、英俊的、可以接受的“正常”。

因此，张和他的女儿路易莎的生活提供了一个两代移民的故事，讲述了内战前后在文化上构建的种族和身体异常的交汇点。正如我们将看到的，路易莎的生活很大程度上取决于她父亲在努力谈判这些十字路口时所做的选择。

碉堡世界和奖学金状况简介

1843 年暹罗双胞胎与十几岁的耶茨姐妹的双人婚礼在全国媒体上引起了极大的兴趣，他们会抓住两个孩子“又聋又哑”的事实来推断它的错误之处是为连体双胞胎结婚。例如，波士顿报纸上的双胞胎讣告以不同的方式声称，所有Chang 和 Eng 的后代的体质较弱，“有几个又聋又哑”，而“六八个又聋又哑和其他组织薄弱的孩子”是婚姻的结果。相比之下，在北卡罗来纳州，双胞胎连体这一事实似乎比其他奇点问题更小。女孩们的父亲大卫·耶茨（David Yates）完全基于“对[Chang和Eng的]种族和国籍的根深蒂固的偏见”反对这些婚姻。他们的第一位传记作者和邻居杰西富兰克林格雷夫斯法官低估了他们的身体异常和种族，并解释说“他们的生活方式......非常像他们周围更好的农民阶层的生活方式”，尽管他承认,【重点是原文】。倒是邦克家族的另外两个特点引起了邻居的注意。一个是“在罗利的庇护所[End Page 554] ”的那两个“聋哑”儿童，这就是当地人对就读公立聋人学校的理解。（国家终于在 1839 年建立了普通学校制度，但皮埃蒙特的几个社区根本没有任何公立学校，而其他在校的邦克儿童则上了一所由两名神职人员开办的私立学校。）是地堡拥有比其他任何人都多的奴隶，而这些被奴役的人大多数都是非常年幼的孩子，太小了，不能为他们的主人做任何工作。²

至于家人对其的看法...