Food is not equitably available. Deficiencies and generalizations limit national datasets, food security assessments, and interventions. Additional neighborhood level studies are needed to develop a scalable and transferable process to complement national and internationally comparative data sets with timely, granular, nuanced data. Participatory geographic information systems (PGIS) offer a means to address these issues by digitizing local knowledge. The objectives of this study were two-fold: (i) identify granular locations missing from food source and risk datasets and (ii) examine the relation between the spatial, socio-economic, and agency contributors to food security. Twenty-nine subject matter experts from three cities in Southeastern Virginia with backgrounds in food distribution, nutrition management, human services, and associated research engaged in a participatory mapping process. Results show that publicly available and other national datasets are not inclusive of non-traditional food sources or updated frequently enough to reflect changes associated with closures, expansion, or new programs. Almost 6 percent of food sources were missing from publicly available and national datasets. Food pantries, community gardens and fridges, farmers markets, child and adult care programs, and meals served in community centers and homeless shelters were not well represented. Over 24 km2 of participant identified need was outside United States Department of Agriculture low income, low access areas. Economic, physical, and social barriers to food security were interconnected with transportation limitations. Recommendations address an international call from development agencies, countries, and world regions for intervention methods that include systemic and generational issues with poverty, incorporate non-traditional spaces into food distribution systems, incentivize or regulate healthy food options in stores, improve educational opportunities, increase data sharing. Leveraging city and regional agency as appropriate to capitalize upon synergistic activities was seen as critical to achieve these goals, particularly for non-traditional partnership building. To address neighborhood scale food security needs in Southeastern Virginia, data collection and assessment should address both environment and utilization issues from consumer and producer perspectives including availability, proximity, accessibility, awareness, affordability, cooking capacity, and preference. The PGIS process utilized to facilitate information sharing about neighborhood level contributors to food insecurity and translate those contributors to intervention strategies through discussion with local subject matter experts and contextualization within larger scale food systems dynamics is transferable.

中文翻译：

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美国弗吉尼亚州东南部的参与式制图，以解决社区层面的粮食安全评估数据不足

食物供应不均。缺陷和概括限制了国家数据集、粮食安全评估和干预措施。需要进行额外的社区层面研究，以开发可扩展和可转移的流程，以使用及时、精细、细致的数据来补充国家和国际比较数据集。参与式地理信息系统 (PGIS) 提供了一种通过数字化本地知识来解决这些问题的方法。本研究的目标有两个：(i) 确定食物来源和风险数据集中缺失的精细位置，以及 (ii) 检查空间、社会经济和机构对食物安全的贡献者之间的关系。来自弗吉尼亚州东南部三个城市的 29 名主题专家具有食品分配、营养管理、人类服务、以及从事参与式制图过程的相关研究。结果表明，公开可用的数据集和其他国家数据集不包括非传统食物来源，也没有足够频繁地更新以反映与关闭、扩展或新计划相关的变化。公开数据和国家数据集中缺少近 6% 的食物来源。食品储藏室、社区花园和冰箱、农贸市场、儿童和成人护理项目以及社区中心和无家可归者收容所提供的膳食都没有得到很好的体现。超过 24 平方公里的参与者确定的需求位于美国农业部低收入、低接入区域之外。粮食安全的经济、物理和社会障碍与运输限制相互关联。这些建议解决了发展机构、国家和世界区域对干预方法的国际呼吁，包括系统性和世代相传的贫困问题，将非传统空间纳入食品分配系统，激励或规范商店中的健康食品选择，改善教育机会，增加数据共享。适当地利用城市和区域机构来利用协同活动被视为实现这些目标的关键，特别是对于非传统伙伴关系的建立。为了解决弗吉尼亚东南部社区规模的粮食安全需求，数据收集和评估应从消费者和生产者的角度解决环境和利用问题，包括可用性、邻近性、可及性、意识、负担能力、烹饪能力、和偏好。PGIS 过程用于促进有关社区层面粮食不安全贡献者的信息共享，并通过与当地主题专家的讨论将这些贡献者转化为干预策略，并在更大规模的粮食系统动态中进行背景化是可转移的。