The Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite which significantly impact small ruminant productivity, international animal trade and transboundary movement of animal across the globe. The seroprevalence of T. gondii infection (toxoplasmosis) in sheep and goats is widely studied in many parts of the world and there is a lack of comprehensive information on prevalence estimates considering the global and regional perspectives. The aim of the study was to use systematic review and meta-analysis methods to estimate the global and regional pooled seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in sheep and goats, as well as factors that influence prevalence estimations. Relevant articles reporting the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in sheep and/goats were searched in five electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase and ProQuest. After the publications were checked to verify they fit the inclusion criteria, a total of 225 articles were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis, reflecting data from 70 countries/regions. The pooled prevalence was estimated using a random effect meta-analysis model. Overall, the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection was 33.86% (95% CI: 30.47–37.25%) in sheep and 31.78% (95% CI: 28.99–34.58%) in goats, with significant variation in prevalence estimates across geographical locations (p < .001). Substantial heterogeneity (I² > 75%) was observed in most pooled seroprevalence estimates. The T. gondii infection in global sheep and goat population showed uptrend over the period. This information would be useful for epidemiologist, health authorities and farmers in order to plan future T. gondii survey and infection management strategies both locally and internationally.

中文翻译：

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世界不同地理区域绵羊和山羊弓形虫感染的血清阳性率：系统评价和荟萃分析

弓形虫是一种专性细胞内原生动物寄生虫，它显着影响小型反刍动物的生产力、国际动物贸易和动物在全球的跨境流动。绵羊和山羊弓形虫感染（弓形虫病）的血清阳性率在世界许多地方得到了广泛研究，但缺乏全面的综合信息来估计全球和区域的流行率。该研究的目的是使用系统回顾和荟萃分析方法来估计全球和区域合并的弓形虫血清阳性率绵羊和山羊的感染，以及影响流行率估计的因素。在 PubMed、Web of Science、Scopus、Embase 和 ProQuest 等五个电子数据库中检索了报道绵羊和/山羊弓形虫病血清阳性率的相关文章。在检查出版物符合纳入标准后，共有 225 篇文章被纳入系统评价和荟萃分析，反映了来自 70 个国家/地区的数据。使用随机效应荟萃分析模型估计合并患病率。总体而言，弓形虫感染的血清阳性率在绵羊中为 33.86%（95% CI：30.47-37.25%），在山羊中为 31.78%（95% CI：28.99-34.58%），不同地理位置的流行率估计存在显着差异（p <.001）。在大多数合并的血清阳性率估计中观察到大量异质性 ( I ²  > 75%)。同期全球绵羊和山羊种群弓形虫感染呈上升趋势。这些信息将对流行病学家、卫生当局和农民有用，以便在当地和国际上规划未来的弓形虫调查和感染管理策略。