Technological advancements and increased use of chemically hazardous materials have become a concern for human health. Environmental pollutants such as engineered metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (M&MONPs) are reported to contribute to significant health-related problems, particularly reproductive health. Reduction in male individuals' reproductive potential is one of the important causes of concern. Literature suggests that exposure to M&MONPs considerably impacts alteration in male reproductive parameters. Therefore, it is required to analyze and understand their effects on male reproductive toxicity. Oxidative stress and changes in redox equilibrium are the significant factors via M&MONPs induce changes in sperm parameters or the reproductive system. M&MONPs act as endocrine disruptors and interfere with the secretion and function of reproductive hormones such as testosterone and Luteiniz ing Hormone (LH), affecting spermatogenesis. Likewise, M&MONPs accumulate in organs as they can pass through the blood-testis barrier, affect Sertoli and Leydig cells, and cause reproductive dysfunction. In this review, we have analyzed the effects of M&MONPs on the male reproductive system and the underlying mechanism of action.

中文翻译：

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金属和金属氧化物纳米粒子对男性生殖系统的影响：综合综述

技术进步和化学危险材料的使用增加已成为人类健康的关注点。据报道，工程金属和金属氧化物纳米粒子 (M&MONP) 等环境污染物会导致严重的健康相关问题，尤其是生殖健康问题。男性个体生殖潜能的降低是引起关注的重要原因之一。文献表明，暴露于 M&MONPs 会显着影响男性生殖参数的改变。因此，需要分析和了解它们对男性生殖毒性的影响。氧化应激和氧化还原平衡的变化是通过 M&MONPs 引起精子参数或生殖系统变化的重要因素。并购 MONPs 作为内分泌干扰物，干扰生殖激素如睾酮和促黄体激素 (LH) 的分泌和功能，影响精子发生。同样，M&MONPs 在器官中积累，因为它们可以通过血睾丸屏障，影响支持细胞和睾丸间质细胞，并导致生殖功能障碍。在这篇综述中，我们分析了 M&MONPs 对男性生殖系统的影响及其潜在的作用机制。