Using a multi-informant approach, we assessed 914 children (mean age = 12.58 years, standard deviation [SD] = 1.43) and 893 caregivers (98.3 per cent female, mean age = 40.07 years, SD = 11.46) in Tanzania. Results showed that 93.3 per cent (n = 828/893) of caregivers reported using violent discipline, while 91.0 per cent (n = 832/914) of the children experienced it in their families. Further, 95.0 per cent (n = 868/914) and 93.7 per cent (n = 853/914) of students experienced violent discipline by teachers and peer violence at school, respectively. In a multilevel path model, children's mental health problems (standardised regression coefficient [β] = 0.192 [CI: 0.130, 0.255], p < 0.001) were associated with their experience of violent discipline in families. Caregivers' own childhood experience of violent discipline (𝛽 = 0.169 [CI: 0.105, 0.232], p < 0.001), their positive attitudes towards violent discipline (𝛽 = 0.228 [CI: 0.166, 0.290], p < 0.001) and mental health problems (𝛽 = 0.175 [CI: 0.113, 0.237], p < 0.001) were associated with their use of violent discipline. Violent discipline in families significantly correlated with violent discipline by teachers (correlation coefficient [r] = 0.413 [CI: 0.354, 0.472], p < 0.001) and peer violence (r = 0.354 [CI: 0.294, 0.415], p < 0.001) implying children's polyvictimisation.

中文翻译：

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家庭暴力管教的普遍性和促成因素及其与教师暴力管教和同伴暴力的关系

我们采用多信息提供者的方法，对坦桑尼亚的 914 名儿童（平均年龄 = 12.58 岁，标准差 [SD] = 1.43）和 893 名护理人员（98.3% 为女性，平均年龄 = 40.07 岁，SD = 11.46）进行了评估。结果显示，93.3% ( n  = 828/893) 的看护者报告称曾使用过暴力管教，而 91.0% ( n  = 832/914) 的儿童在家庭中经历过暴力管教。此外，95.0% ( n  = 868/914) 和 93.7% ( n  = 853/914) 的学生分别在学校遭受过老师的暴力纪律和同伴暴力。在多级路径模型中，儿童心理健康问题（标准化回归系数[ β] = 0.192 [CI: 0.130, 0.255], p < 0.001) 与他们在家庭中遭受暴力管教的经历有关。照顾者自己的童年暴力管教经历 (𝛽 = 0.169 [CI: 0.105, 0.232], p < 0.001)、他们对暴力管教的积极态度 (𝛽 = 0.228 [CI: 0.166, 0.290], p < 0.001) 和心理健康问题 (𝛽 = 0.175 [CI: 0.113, 0.237], p < 0.001) 与他们使用暴力纪律有关。家庭暴力管教与教师暴力管教（相关系数[r] = 0.413 [CI：0.354，0.472]，p < 0.001）和同伴暴力（r = 0.354 [CI：0.294，0.415]，p < 0.001）显着相关暗示儿童多重受害。