Ageing is known to be the primary risk factor for most neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. They are currently incurable and worsen over time, which has broad implications in the context of lifespan and healthspan extension. Adding years to life and even to physical health is suboptimal or even insufficient, if cognitive ageing is not adequately improved. In this review, we will examine how interventions that have the potential to extend lifespan in animals affect the brain, and if they would be able to thwart or delay the development of cognitive dysfunction and/or neurodegeneration. These interventions range from lifestyle (caloric restriction, physical exercise and environmental enrichment) through pharmacological (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide precursors, resveratrol, rapamycin, metformin, spermidine and senolytics) to epigenetic reprogramming. We argue that while many of these interventions have clear potential to improve cognitive health and resilience, large-scale and long-term randomised controlled trials are needed, along with studies utilising washout periods to determine the effects of supplementation cessation, particularly in aged individuals.

中文翻译：

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延长寿命的干预措施对认知健康的影响

众所周知，衰老是大多数神经退行性疾病的主要危险因素，包括阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病和亨廷顿舞蹈病。它们目前无法治愈并且会随着时间的推移而恶化，这对延长寿命和健康寿命具有广泛的意义。如果认知老化没有得到充分改善，那么延长生命甚至身体健康的年数都不是最理想的，甚至是不够的。在这篇综述中，我们将研究有可能延长动物寿命的干预措施如何影响大脑，以及它们是否能够阻止或延缓认知功能障碍和/或神经退化的发展。这些干预措施的范围从生活方式（热量限制、体育锻炼和环境改善）到药理学（烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸前体，白藜芦醇、雷帕霉素、二甲双胍、亚精胺和 senolytics）到表观遗传重编程。我们认为，虽然其中许多干预措施具有改善认知健康和恢复力的明显潜力，但仍需要进行大规模和长期的随机对照试验，以及利用清除期来确定停止补充剂的影响的研究，尤其是对老年人的影响。