Over the past two decades, scholars have investigated a multitude of different aspects of motherhood. This article provides a scoping review of research published from 2001 to 2021, covering 115 Social Science Citation Index-referenced papers from WEIRD countries, with the aim of reconstructing social norms around motherhood and mothers' responses to them. The analysis is theoretically based on normological and praxeological concepts. The findings reveal five contemporary norms of motherhood that reflect both stability and increasing differentiation, and are related to five types of mothers: the norms of being attentive to the child (present mother), of securing the child's successful development (future-oriented mother), of integrating employment into mothering (working mother), of being in control (public mother), and of being contented (happy mother). Relying on an intersectional lens, we analyze mothers' heterogeneous responses to these norms of motherhood, and examine how neoliberal demands build on and perpetuate inequalities.

中文翻译：

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什么是好妈妈？反映母性社会规范的二十年研究

在过去的二十年里，学者们研究了母性的许多不同方面。本文对 2001 年至 2021 年发表的研究进行了范围界定审查，涵盖了来自 WEIRD 国家的 115 篇社会科学引文索引参考论文，旨在重建关于母性的社会规范和母亲对这些规范的回应。该分析在理论上基于规范学和行为学概念。调查结果揭示了反映稳定性和日益分化的当代五种母亲规范，并与五种类型的母亲有关：关注孩子的规范（现在的母亲），确保孩子成功发展的规范（面向未来的母亲） ，将就业融入母亲（工作母亲），控制（公共母亲），和满足（快乐的母亲）。依靠交叉镜头，我们分析了母亲对这些母职规范的异质反应，并研究了新自由主义的要求如何建立和延续不平等。