Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of the oral cavity and its adjacent sites, which endangers the physical and mental health of patients and has a complex etiology. Chronic infection is considered to be a risk factor in cancer development. Evidence suggests that periodontal pathogens, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Treponema denticola, are associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). They can stimulate tumorigenesis by promoting epithelial cells proliferation while inhibiting apoptosis and regulating the inflammatory microenvironment. Candida albicans promotes OSCC progression and metastasis through multiple mechanisms. Moreover, oral human papillomavirus (HPV) can induce oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). There is evidence that HPV16 can integrate with host cells’ DNA and activate oncogenes. Additionally, oral dysbiosis and synergistic effects in the oral microbial communities can promote cancer development. In this review, we will discuss the biological characteristics of oral microbiome associated with OSCC and OPSCC and then highlight the mechanisms by which oral microbiome is involved in oral oncogenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis. These findings may have positive implications for early diagnosis and treatment of oral cancer.

中文翻译：

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口腔微生物组在口腔癌发生、肿瘤进展和转移中的作用

鳞状细胞癌是口腔及其邻近部位最常见的恶性肿瘤，危害患者身心健康，病因复杂。慢性感染被认为是癌症发展的危险因素。有证据表明牙周病原体，如牙龈卟啉单胞菌、具核梭杆菌和齿状密螺旋体，与口腔鳞状细胞癌 (OSCC) 相关。它们可以通过促进上皮细胞增殖同时抑制细胞凋亡和调节炎症微环境来刺激肿瘤发生。白色念珠菌通过多种机制促进 OSCC 进展和转移。此外，口腔人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）可诱发口咽鳞状细胞癌（OPSCC）。有证据表明 HPV16 可以与宿主细胞的 DNA 整合并激活癌基因。此外，口腔菌群失调和口腔微生物群落的协同作用可以促进癌症的发展。在这篇综述中，我们将讨论与 OSCC 和 OPSCC 相关的口腔微生物组的生物学特征，然后强调口腔微生物组参与口腔肿瘤发生、肿瘤进展和转移的机制。这些发现可能对口腔癌的早期诊断和治疗具有积极意义。