Global climate change is projected to increase the incidence of heat waves, their magnitude and duration resulting in insects experiencing increasing environmental stress in both natural and managed ecosystems. While studies on insect thermal tolerance are rapidly increasing, variation across developmental or juvenile stress cross-stage effects within and across generations remain largely unexplored. Yet in holometabolous insects, heat stress at an early developmental stage may influence performance and survival during later stages. Here, we investigated the effects of pupal mild heat stress on the performance of laboratory-reared adult Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) measured as longevity, critical thermal maximum (CT_max), critical thermal minima (CT_min), heat knockdown time (HKDT) and chill coma recovery time (CCRT). Pupal heat stress significantly influenced performance of B. dorsalis adults resulting in impaired longevity and heat tolerance (CT_max and HKDT) in both sexes with improved and compromised cold tolerance (CT_min and CCRT) in females and males, respectively. These findings highlight the role of juvenile stages in mediating stress responses at adult stages. For B. dorsalis, pupal heat stress largely compromised thermal tolerance implying that the species has limited potential to shift its geographic range in heat prone areas. Significant benefits in cold tolerance in females following heat stress may help in improving survival in the cold in the short-term despite restricted activity to the same traits in males. This study suggests that basal heat tolerance and not short-term compensatory thermal plasticity following heat stress may have aided the recent invasion of B. dorsalis in African landscapes.

中文翻译：

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蛹东方果蝇的热应激暴露对成年果蝇具有强烈的和特征特异性的影响

全球气候变化预计会增加热浪的发生率、热浪的强度和持续时间，导致昆虫在自然和管理生态系统中承受越来越大的环境压力。虽然对昆虫耐热性的研究正在迅速增加，但世代内和跨代之间发育或幼年应激跨阶段效应的变化在很大程度上仍未得到探索。然而，在全变态昆虫中，早期发育阶段的热应激可能会影响后期的表现和存活。在这里，我们调查了蛹轻度热应激对实验室饲养的成年桔小实蝇(Hendel)（双翅目：实蝇科）性能的影响，测量为寿命、临界热最大值 (CT _max )、临界热最小值 (CT_分钟）、热击倒时间（HKDT）和冷昏迷恢复时间（CCRT）。蛹热应激显着影响B. dorsalis成虫的性能，导致两性的寿命和耐热性（CT _max和 HKDT）受损，雌性和雄性的耐寒性（CT _min和 CCRT）分别提高和受损。这些发现突出了幼年阶段在调节成年阶段应激反应中的作用。对于B. dorsalis, 蛹热应激在很大程度上损害了耐热性，这意味着该物种在高温易发地区转移其地理范围的潜力有限。热应激后雌性的耐寒性显着提高可能有助于短期内提高在寒冷中的生存率，尽管雄性的相同特征的活动受到限制。这项研究表明，基础耐热性而非热应激后的短期补偿性热可塑性可能有助于B. dorsalis最近入侵非洲景观。