This paper examines the classification of the landscape, both biota and terrain, in Wagiman, a language of northern Australia. There is considerable debate as to the comparative roles of cognitive and cultural factors in the analysis of landscape terminologies. Any analysis of terminologies necessarily involves consideration of meaning. There are many approaches to the analysis of meaning and analysis of Wagiman landscape classification requires at least two approaches. One approach involves necessary and sufficient conditions for connotation, and the other involves prototypes. The comparative roles of cognitive and cultural factors vary depending upon the approach to meaning, with cognitive factors playing a greater role in connotation and cultural factors playing a greater role in prototypes. The current research literature on Australian languages examines behavioural and morphological oppositions, material make-up, shape, size as cognitive factors and affordance and human usage as cultural factors. This paper provides evidence that there is another cultural factor which plays a central role in prototype classification, mental maps of the landscape involving zonal oppositions. Prototypes for many terms do not have an individuated reference but rather have an unindividuated reference to typical zones of occurrence.

中文翻译：

---

Wagiman 景观：心理地图和原型

本文研究了澳大利亚北部瓦吉曼语中景观的分类，包括生物群和地形。关于认知和文化因素在景观术语分析中的比较作用存在相当大的争论。对术语的任何分析都必然涉及对意义的考虑。意义分析有很多方法，Wagiman 景观分类分析至少需要两种方法。一种方法涉及内涵的充分必要条件，另一种方法涉及原型。认知和文化因素的比较作用因理解意义的方法而异，认知因素在内涵中发挥更大的作用，而文化因素在原型中发挥更大的作用。目前关于澳大利亚语言的研究文献将行为和形态上的对立、材料构成、形状、大小作为认知因素，将可供性和人类使用作为文化因素。本文提供的证据表明，还有另一个文化因素在原型分类中起着核心作用，即涉及区域对立的景观心理地图。许多术语的原型没有个性化参考，而是对典型发生区域的非个性化参考。涉及区域对立的景观心理地图。许多术语的原型没有个性化参考，而是对典型发生区域的非个性化参考。涉及区域对立的景观心理地图。许多术语的原型没有个性化参考，而是对典型发生区域的非个性化参考。