With an ageing world population and ~20% of adults in Europe being affected by bone diseases, there is an urgent need to develop advanced regenerative approaches and biomaterials capable to facilitate tissue regeneration while providing an adequate microenvironment for cells to thrive. As the main components of bone are collagen and apatite mineral, scientists in the tissue engineering field have attempted in combining these materials by using different biomimetic approaches to favour bone repair. Still, an ideal bone analogue capable of mimicking the distinct properties (i.e., mechanical properties, degradation rate, porosity, etc.) of cancellous bone is to be developed. This review seeks to sum up the current understanding of bone tissue mineralisation and structure while providing a critical outlook on the existing biomimetic strategies of mineralising collagen for bone tissue engineering applications, highlighting where gaps in knowledge exist.

中文翻译：

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仿生胶原矿化的进展和骨组织工程的未来方法

随着世界人口老龄化和欧洲约 20% 的成年人受到骨骼疾病的影响，迫切需要开发先进的再生方法和生物材料，以促进组织再生，同时为细胞提供充足的微环境。由于骨骼的主要成分是胶原蛋白和磷灰石矿物质，组织工程领域的科学家们试图通过不同的仿生方法将这些材料结合起来，以促进骨骼修复。尽管如此，仍需要开发一种能够模拟松质骨的不同特性（即机械特性、降解率、孔隙率等）的理想骨类似物。