ABSTRACT

We explored how drummers express a ‘back-beat’ pattern with different timing styles (laid-back, on-beat, pushed) via stroke onset and intensity features. Based on hierarchical clustering analyses and phylogenetic trees, we found three main strategies: (1) ‘general earliness/lateness’, where most instruments are consistently played earlier/later in time relative to a metrical grid; (2) ‘early/late flam’, where at least one instrument is played as a flam; and (3) ‘ambiguously early/late compound sound’, where in a dyad, one instrument is played synchronously with the grid, and the other early/late. Intensity strategies were not used uniformly to exclusively distinguish between laid-back/pushed and on-beat timing.

摘要

我们探索了鼓手如何通过击打开始和强度特征来表达具有不同计时风格（悠闲、节拍、推动）的“后拍”模式。基于层次聚类分析和系统发育树，我们发现了三种主要策略：（1）“一般早/晚”，其中大多数乐器相对于韵律网格在时间上始终演奏得早/晚；(2)“早期/晚期弗拉姆”，其中至少一种乐器作为弗拉姆演奏；(3)“模糊的早/晚复合声音”，在二元组中，一种乐器与网格同步演奏，另一种乐器早/晚演奏。强度策略并没有统一使用来专门区分悠闲/推动和节拍计时。