Within the life cycle of a living organism, another life cycle exists for the selfish genome inhabitants, which are called transposable elements (TEs). These mobile sequences invade, duplicate, amplify, and diversify within a genome, increasing the genome's size and generating new mutations. Cells act to defend their genome, but rather than permanently destroying TEs, they use chromatin-level repression and epigenetic inheritance to silence TE activity. This level of silencing is ephemeral and reversible, leading to a dynamic equilibrium between TE suppression and reactivation within a host genome. The coexistence of the TE and host genome can also lead to the domestication of the TE to serve in host genome evolution and function. In this review, we describe the life cycle of a TE, with emphasis on how epigenetic regulation is harnessed to control TEs for host genome stability and innovation.

中文翻译：

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植物基因组及其他转座元件生命周期的表观遗传控制

在生物体的生命周期中，自私基因组居民还存在另一个生命周期，称为转座元件（TE）。这些移动序列在基因组内侵入、复制、扩增和多样化，增加了基因组的大小并产生新的突变。细胞会采取行动保护其基因组，但它们不会永久破坏 TE，而是利用染色质水平抑制和表观遗传来沉默 TE 活性。这种水平的沉默是短暂且可逆的，导致宿主基因组内 TE 抑制和重新激活之间的动态平衡。 TE 和宿主基因组的共存也可以导致 TE 的驯化，以服务于宿主基因组的进化和功能。在这篇综述中，我们描述了 TE 的生命周期，重点是如何利用表观遗传调控来控制 TE 以实现宿主基因组的稳定性和创新。