This investigation offers an analysis of crosslinguistic variation in the expression of clausal negative concomitance (e.g. ‘he slept without using a pillow’) in a sample of 65 languages, showing that most languages in the sample tend to use conjunctions and converbs for indicating clausal negative concomitance. The discussion of clause-linkage patterns reveals that most languages have monofunctional devices for signaling clausal negative concomitance. Intriguingly, even when languages employ a clause-linking device for conveying clausal negative concomitance, negative markers may play an important role in that they may be obligatory, optional, or disallowed in the ‘without V-ing’ clause. It is proposed that whether the clause-linking device is semantically monofunctional or polyfunctional is the key to this puzzle. The paper also shows that most languages in the sample tend to signal clausal negative concomitance and nominal negative concomitance (e.g. ‘you took a basket without holes’) in the same way. This indicates a diachronic connection between these constructions.

中文翻译：

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'Without V-ing' 从句：类型学视角下的从句否定伴随

这项调查分析了在 65 种语言样本中，从句否定伴随（例如“他睡觉时没有使用枕头”）表达的跨语言变异，表明样本中的大多数语言倾向于使用连词和动词来表示从句否定伴随。对从句连接模式的讨论表明，大多数语言都具有用于发出从句否定伴随信号的单功能装置。有趣的是，即使语言使用从句连接装置来传达从句的否定伴随，否定标记也可能发挥重要作用，因为它们可能在“without V-ing”从句中是强制性的、可选的或不允许的。有人提出，从句连接装置在语义上是单功能的还是多功能的是这个谜题的关键。该论文还表明，样本中的大多数语言倾向于以相同的方式表示从句否定伴随和名词否定伴随（例如“你拿了一个没有洞的篮子”）。这表明这些结构之间存在历时联系。