Volubilis was founded in the second century B.C. and was one of the largest cities on the fringe of the Roman Empire. In 1997, it was listed as a world cultural heritage site by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and is one of the most important archaeological sites of Morocco. Volubilis is renowned for its large number of mosaic floors. Among the major mosaics of Volubilis, and undoubtedly the most remarkable ones given their aesthetic and the variety of themes they hold, are found in the house of Venus. These mosaics have been restored between the 1940s and 1950s, but unfortunately, most of these restorations are past due or nearing their ends. Today, the mosaic floors are becoming unleveled, fractured and separated from their surrounding walls. These deteriorations can be triggered by many factors including inadequate foundation, a clayey soil beneath it sensitive to moisture and the heaving of the thin concrete layer due to the expansion of the soil. The corrosion of the reinforcing bars within these concrete slabs is enabling these deformations as well. The objective of this study is to examine the causes of the mosaics' deterioration by integrating three techniques including a laser level survey, photogrammetry using a small unmanned aircraft vehicles (UAV) and ground-penetrating radar. The methodology adopted herein can generate documentation that can be used during the preparation and decision making prior to any restoration. The restoration should not only be focused on the visible tesserae on the surface but must also consider the entire layer of the mosaics. These techniques were applied to several mosaics in Volubilis, yet only two mosaics within the house of Venus were selected for this study, and the following findings were accomplished: (1) Void spaces were found beneath the mosaic floors, (2) presence of sinking and heaving of concrete slabs and (3) potential corrosion of rebars. The three methods used in this study were in perfect concurrence in showing how the settling of the concrete slab was directly related to the deteriorations visible on the mosaic surface.

中文翻译：

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结合激光水平测量、摄影测量和探地雷达来检查罗马马赛克的退化情况：以摩洛哥瓦卢比利斯维纳斯宫为例

瓦鲁比利斯始建于公元前二世纪，是罗马帝国边缘最大的城市之一。1997年被联合国教科文组织列为世界文化遗产，是摩洛哥最重要的考古遗址之一。Volubilis 以其大量的马赛克地板而闻名。在瓦鲁比利斯 (Volubilis) 的主要马赛克中，毫无疑问，鉴于其审美和主题的多样性，最引人注目的是维纳斯宫。这些马赛克在 1940 年代和 1950 年代之间进行了修复，但不幸的是，这些修复工作大多已过期或接近尾声。如今，马赛克地板变得不平整、断裂并与周围的墙壁分离。这些恶化可能由许多因素引发，包括地基不充分、其下方的粘土对水分敏感以及由于土壤膨胀导致薄混凝土层起伏。这些混凝土板内钢筋的腐蚀也导致了这些变形。本研究的目的是通过整合激光水平测量、使用小型无人驾驶飞机 (UAV) 的摄影测量和探地雷达等三种技术来检查马赛克劣化的原因。此处采用的方法可以生成可在任何恢复之前的准备和决策过程中使用的文档。修复不仅要关注表面可见的镶嵌物，还必须考虑整层马赛克。这些技术应用于 Volubilis 的几个马赛克，但本研究只选择了维纳斯宫内的两个马赛克，并取得了以下发现：（1）在马赛克地板下方发现了空隙，（2）下沉的存在混凝土板的起伏和 (3) 钢筋的潜在腐蚀。本研究中使用的三种方法完美地同时显示了混凝土板的沉降与马赛克表面可见的劣化之间的直接关系。