Nanotechnology exploits the exclusive characteristics of nanoparticles with size ranging from 1 to 1000 nanometers (nm). Various nanoparticles have presented magnificent potential for the fabrication of new drug carriers and vaccines. For designing vaccine significant attempts are done to engineer novel vaccines and to increase the efficiency of current vaccines for particular diseases. So far, few vaccines are engineered from killed pathogens or protein sub-units, while various vaccines are founded on live-inactivated pathogens that holds the danger of retrieval of their pathogenicity under some immune-compromised circumstances. To circumvent this designing of risk-free effectual vaccines in combination with satisfactory carrier systems are reflected as a vital requirement to attain preferred humoral and cellular immunity for various diseases. In the past years, utilization of vaccines based on nanoparticle has gained a pronounced responsiveness to increase aimed delivery, immunization approaches and vaccine effectiveness to attain preferred immune retorts at the cell level. To increase vaccine efficiency these nanoparticles mustguard the antigens from early proteolytic disintegration, controlled release, enable antigen internalization and management by antigen presenting cells for harmless human usage. Nanoparticles comprised of polymers, lipids, metals and proteins have previously been exploited to achievefew of these characteristics. In this context, various physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles have a crucial part in the establishment of vaccine efficiency. This review emphases on the usage of nanoparticles centred vaccine and the importance of characteristics of nanoparticles to achieve effective vaccines delivery in order to prompt preferred host immunity against various diseases.

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疫苗和免疫学中的纳米技术

纳米技术利用了尺寸范围为 1 至 1000 纳米 (nm) 的纳米粒子的独特特性。各种纳米粒子在制造新的药物载体和疫苗方面具有巨大的潜力。为了设计疫苗，人们进行了重大尝试以设计新型疫苗并提高当前针对特定疾病的疫苗的效率。到目前为止，很少有疫苗是从被杀死的病原体或蛋白质亚基中设计出来的，而各种疫苗都是建立在活的灭活病原体之上的，这些病原体在某些免疫受损的情况下有恢复其致病性的危险。为了规避这种无风险有效疫苗的设计与令人满意的载体系统相结合，被认为是获得针对各种疾病的优选体液和细胞免疫的重要要求。在过去的几年中，基于纳米颗粒的疫苗的使用已经获得了显着的响应性，可以增加定向递送、免疫方法和疫苗有效性，从而在细胞水平上获得首选的免疫反应。为了提高疫苗效率，这些纳米颗粒必须保护抗原免于早期蛋白水解分解、受控释放、使抗原内化和由抗原呈递细胞管理以供无害人类使用。以前已经利用由聚合物、脂质、金属和蛋白质组成的纳米颗粒来实现这些特性中的一些。在这种情况下，纳米粒子的各种物理化学特性在疫苗效率的建立中起着至关重要的作用。