Preterm birth affects 1 in every 10 infants born in the United States. Importantly, more preterm infants are surviving to discharge from hospital, including those born at the cusp of viability (eg, 22 to 24 wk gestation). Such improvements, however, come at a cost as those delivered at less than 28 weeks gestation have the highest rates of morbidity and mortality. To complicate matters, these extremely preterm infants often require multiple surgical procedures resulting in repeated and prolonged exposures to anesthetic, analgesic, and sedative agents both during procedures and in the neonatal intensive care unit. Consequently, all of these factors, including premature birth itself, correlate with a higher risk for neurodevelopmental disabilities. More studies are needed to address the effects of prematurity-related morbidities and drug exposures on this vulnerable population, with the goal of improving neurodevelopmental outcomes. This brief review will discuss risk factors that impact neurodevelopmental outcomes in premature infants, with a particular focus on anesthetic, analgesic, and sedative agents.

中文翻译：

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全身麻醉和早产儿：确定神经发育不良结果的风险。

在美国出生的每 10 个婴儿中就有 1 个早产。重要的是，更多的早产儿存活到出院，包括出生时处于生存能力关键时刻（例如妊娠 22 至 24 周）的早产儿。然而，这种改进是有代价的，因为那些在妊娠不到 28 周时分娩的婴儿的发病率和死亡率最高。使事情复杂化的是，这些极度早产的婴儿通常需要多次外科手术，导致在手术过程中和新生儿重症监护病房中反复和长时间接触麻醉剂、镇痛剂和镇静剂。因此，所有这些因素，包括早产本身，都与神经发育障碍的较高风险相关。需要更多的研究来解决早产相关的发病率和药物暴露对这一弱势群体的影响，以改善神经发育结果为目标。这篇简短的综述将讨论影响早产儿神经发育结果的风险因素，特别关注麻醉剂、镇痛剂和镇静剂。